The Sociology Book

camp in Germany, and began to
suffer the psychological problems
that would afflict him for the rest of
his life. In 1945 he began studying
philosophy at the prestigious l’École
Normale Supérieure (ENS), Paris.
He received great acclaim for his
essays and books, despite writing
them between hospitalizations. In
1980, he murdered his wife and
died, aged 72, in a mental hospital.
See also: Karl Marx 28–31 ■
Antonio Gramsci 178–79

PABLO GONZÁLEZ

CASANOVA
1922–

Pablo González Casanova is a
Mexican historian and sociologist
who wrote a groundbreaking 1965
article, “Internal Colonialism and
National Development.” The idea
of a “nation within a nation” was
first raised by W.E.B. Dubois in the
1930s, but Casanova revealed the
structural underpinnings of the
idea in practice. His in-depth
analysis of the political and social
structures of Mexico have provided
insights into developing countries
in general. In 2003 his work was
recognized by UNESCO, when
it awarded him the prestigious
International José Martí Prize.
See also: W.E.B. Dubois 68–73 ■
David McCrone 163

DOROTHY E. SMITH

1926–

Dorothy E Smith is from Yorkshire,
UK. She developed “a sociology
for women” that adopted a
phenomenological viewpoint,
using the subjective, everyday
experience of lives, rather than
the intellectual theories from

the dominant male standpoint.

Smith studied sociology at the

London School of Economics and

in 1955 studied at the University of

California, Berkeley. She later

taught one of the first courses in

women’s studies at the University

of British Columbia.

See also: Karl Marx 28–31 ■

Alfred Schütz 335

ROBERT N. BELLAH

1927–2013

US sociologist Robert Neelly Bellah

is arguably the leading sociologist

of religion in the 20th century. He

first won acclaim with the essay

“Civil Religion in America,” which

examined the political use of

religious symbolism. Born in

Oklahoma, Bellah graduated in

social anthropology from Harvard

University, staying there to gain

a PhD under the mentorship of

Talcott Parsons. After spending

two years studying Islamic studies

at McGill University, Montreal,

Canada, he returned to Harvard to

teach. In 1967 he became professor

of sociology at the University of

California, Berkeley.

See also: Bryan Wilson 278–79 ■

Jürgen Habermas 286–87 ■ Talcott

Parsons 300–01

DAVID LOCKWOOD

1929–2014

British sociologist David Lockwood

was an influential figure in the

theory of class stratification. His

father died when he was 10, and

his mother struggled financially,

which forced him to leave school

at an early age to start work. While

doing National Service in the

armed forces he discovered Marx,

and went on to study sociology at

the London School of Economics.

Lockwood taught at Cambridge

and Essex universities. In

1998 he was honored for his

contributions to sociology and

made a Commander of the Order

of the British Empire (CBE).

See also: Karl Marx 28–31 ■

Émile Durkheim 34–37

PETER L. BERGER

1929–

Born in Austria, Peter Ludwig

Berger is best known for his

idea that “reality” is constructed

through a kind of social consensus,

as explained in his book, The Social

Construction of Reality (1966),

written with Thomas Luckmann.

Berger emigrated to the US at the

age of 17 and received an MA and

PhD in sociology from the New

School for Social Research, New

York. He became professor of

sociology and theology at Boston

University, and in 1985 director

of Boston’s Institute for the Study

of Economic Culture, which

examines the relationships

between economic development

and sociocultural change.

See also: Karl Marx 28–31 ■

Karl Mannheim 335 ■ Alfred

Schütz 335

FERNANDO HENRIQUE

CARDOSO

1931–

In 1986, Fernando Cardoso became

senator for São Paulo, Brazil, and

in 1995 and 1998 he was elected

as the country’s president. He is

acclaimed for bringing economic

stability and social reforms to

Brazil. Cardoso studied sociology

336 DIRECTORY