psychoanalytic theory of feminism
that opened up the field of feminist
psychology. She teaches at the
University of California at Berkeley.
See also: Harriet Martineau
26–27 ■ Judith Butler 56–61 ■
Erich Fromm 188
DONNA HARAWAY
1944–
“Technoscience” expert Donna
Haraway, from Colorado, studied
evolutionary philosophy and
theology in Paris, before returning
to the US to take a triple major in
zoology, philosophy, and literature.
Her PhD in biology at Yale
examined the use of metaphor in
shaping experiments—she sees
biology as part of politics, religion,
and culture. Professor emerita
in the History of Consciousness
department at the University of
California, Santa Cruz, Haraway
is the leading authority on the
now-intimate relationship between
people and technology. Her essay
“A Cyborg Manifesto” suggests
that people are already part-human,
part-machine, and that this blend
allows women to reconstruct
themselves anew, in an age of
“cyborg feminism.”
See also: Karl Marx 28–31 ■
Michel Foucault 52–55; 302–03 ■
Bruno Latour 338
SHULAMITH FIRESTONE
1945–2012
Revolutionary feminist Shulamith
Firestone was born in Ottawa,
Canada. She studied art at
Washington University, St. Louis,
and then at the Art Institute of
Chicago, where she became part
of the Chicago Women’s Liberation
Union, the first such group in the
US. She wrote the influential book
The Dialectic of Sex: A Case for
Feminist Revolution (1970), arguing
that women are an oppressed class,
and gender inequality is ultimately
dictated by biology. Echoing Marx,
she felt the answer was for women
to seize control of the means of
human reproduction (made possible
by new forms of contraception).
She subsequently produced only
one book, but her impact on
feminism remained undiminished.
See also: Harriet Martineau 26–27
■ Karl Marx 28–31WALDEN BELLO
1945–Walden Bello was born in Manila,
the Philippines, and became a
political activist in the 1970s,
following the declaration of martial
law by Ferdinand Marcos. Bello’s
official roles have included a
professorship in sociology at
universities in the Philippines, the
US, and Canada; Chairperson
of the board of Greenpeace South
Asia; and Member of the Philippine
House of Representatives. Bello
is a leading critic of globalization.
See also: Robert N. Bellah 336 ■
Michael Löwy 337BRYAN S. TURNER
1945–Born in Birmingham, UK, Bryan S.
Turner is a world authority on the
sociology of religion. His first book,
Weber and Islam (1974), is a classic.
He became professor of sociology
at the University of Cambridge in
1998, and has held professorships
in Australia, the Netherlands, and
the US. His interests includeglobalization and religion,
religious authority and electronic
information, religious consumerism
and youth cultures, and human
rights and religion. In The Body
& Society (1984; 2008), he argues
that the body, not abstract ideas
such as class, should be the focus
of sociological analysis.
See also: Edward Said 80–81 ■
Max Weber 220–23BRUNO LATOUR
1947–Bruno Latour was born in
Burgundy, France, and trained as
a philosopher, then anthropologist.
In the 1980s, along with Michel
Callon and John Law, he developed
“actor–network theory” (ANT)—
the idea that knowledge does not
depend on a “truth” waiting to be
found, but is gained by analyzing
the interaction between actors
and networks, where the “actors”
involved in creating meaning are
both physical and symbolic. Latour
is professor at Sciences Po, Paris.
See also: Harold Garfinkel 50–51 ■
Michel Foucault 302–03 ■
Donna Haraway 338THEDA SKOCPOL
1947–US sociologist and political theorist
Theda Skocpol is Victor S. Thomas
professor of government and
sociology at Harvard University.
Her research focuses on US social
policy, health reform, and civic
engagement in US democracy. She
began her career studying
the French, Russian, and Chinese
revolutions, and in the 1970s she
became the main advocate of state
autonomy theory. As a result, she is338 DIRECTORY