192 Notes to Pages 129–34
maïque,” in Terre et paysans dépendants dans les sociétés antiques (Paris: Éditions du CNRS, 1979),
163–88, with Pomeroy, S Wo, 77–82.
- Cf. Hodkinson, PWCS, 19–149 (esp. 68–81), and Paul Christesen, “Utopia on the Euro-
tas: Economic Aspects of the Spartan Mirage,” in SpartSoc, 309–37 (esp. 316–22). - See Arnold J. Toynbee, “The Six-Morai Hoplite Army,” in Toynbee, SPGH, 373–85 (at
381–83).
20.Some think that one must double the number of lóchoı present: Arnold J. Toynbee, “The
Growth of Sparta,” JHS 33:2 (1913): 264–75, and “The Organization and Strength of the Lacedae-
monian Army at Mantineia in 418 B.C.,” in Toynbee, SPGH, 396–401; H C T, IV 110–17; Henry
Theodore Wade-Gery, “The Spartan Rhetra in Plutarch’s Lycurgus VI: C. What Is the Rhetra?” CQ
38:3/4 (July–October 1944): 115–26 (at 117–19), reprinted in Wade-Gery, EGH, 66–85 (at 71–74);
John F. Lazenby, The Spartan Army (Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1985), 41–44, and The Pelopon
nesian War: A Military Study (New York: Routledge, 2004), 121–22; and C T, III 180–82. - See W. G. G. Forrest, A History of Sparta, 950–192 B.C., second edition (London:
Hutchinson University Library, 1980), 131–37. In this connection, note Cameron Hawkins, “Spar-
tans and Perioikoi: The Organization and Ideology of the Lakedaimonian Army in the Fourth
Century B.C.E.,” GRBS 51:3 (2011): 401–34, who doubts that the períoıkoı were ever brigaded with
the Spartiates. - Cf. Hodkinson, PWCS, 399–423, who tacitly acknowledges that social processes are in-
sufficient to explain so sharp and rapid a demographic drop, with Thomas J. Figueira, “Population
Patterns in Late Archaic and Classical Sparta,” TAPhA 116 (1986): 165–213. Note as well Thomas
J. Figueira, “Mess Contributions and Subsistence at Sparta,” TAPhA 114 (1984): 87–109.
2 3. See Ludwig Ziehen, “Das spartanische Bevölkerungsproblem,” Hermes 68 (1933): 218–37
(esp. 232–35, 237), and Arnold J. Toynbee, “The Earthquake of circa 466 or 464 B.C. at Sparta
City,” in Toynbee, SPGH, 346–52. In general, the Greeks may have been inclined to suppose that
mothers contributed little, if anything to the biological makeup of their own progeny: see G. E. R.
Lloyd, Science, Folklore and Ideology: Studies in the Life Sciences in Ancient Greece (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1983), 66, 86–111. But the Spartans were clearly aware that offspring
are as apt to resemble mothers as fathers. Otherwise, it would be hard to make sense of Theoph-
rastus’ report that Archidamus was fined for having married too short a wife (Plut. Ages. 2.6, Mor.
1d) and of the fact that Spartan men were reluctant to marry the sister or daughter of a coward
(Xen. Lac. Pol. 9.4–6). - For the evidence and its most natural interpretation, see Detlef Lotze, “Mothakes,” His
toria 11:4 (October 1962): 427–35; Daniel Ogden, Greek Bastardy in the Classical and Hellenistic
Periods (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 217–24; and Pomeroy, S Wo, 96–98, 102. The argument
advanced by Ducat, Hilotes, 166–68, makes sense as long as one presumes that the child of a helot
woman acknowledged by a Spartiate father was considered free. Cf. Stephen Hodkinson, “Servile
and Free Dependants of the Spartan Oikos,” in Schiavi e Dipendenti nell’Ambito dell’Oikos e della
Familia, ed. Mauro Moggi and Giuseppe Cordiano (Pisa: ETS, 1997), 45–71 (esp. 55–62). - See R. W. V. Catling, “The Survey Area from the Early Iron Age to the Classical Period
(c. 1050–c. 300 BC),” in Continuity and Change in a Greek Rural Landscape: The Laconia Survey,
ed. William G. Cavanagh, Joost Crouwel, and Graham Shipley (London: British School at Athens,
1996–2002), II 151–256.
26.See Ronald S. Stroud, “Thucydides and Corinth,” Chiron 24 (1994): 267–304.
27.Note the riposte attributed to Archidamus: Plut. Lyc. 20.9.
28.See Robert Sallares, The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univer-
sity Press, 1991), 241–66.
29.Note Xen. Lac. Pol. 14, and see the literature on feminine license: Pl. Resp. 8.548a–b, Leg.
1.637c, 6.780d–781d, 7.804c–806c; Arist. Pol. 1269b12–1270a14, 1271a18, 1271b17; Dion. Hal.
Ant. Rom. 2.24.6; Plut. Comp. Lyc. et Num. 3.5–9 with Pomeroy, S Wo, 63–71. For a fascinating
discussion—grounded in the observations of S. Ryan Johnson, “Status Anxiety and Demographic
Contraction of Privileged Populations,” Population and Development Review 13:3 (September
1987): 439–70, and Philip Longman, “The Return of Patriarchy,” Foreign Policy 153 (March–April
2006): 56–60, 62–65—see the as yet unpublished Ph.D. dissertation of Timothy Donald Doran,
“Demographic Fluctuation and Institutional Response in Sparta” (University of California at