9 Heuschert,“Legal Pluralism,” 313 – 14. For overviews of Qing Mongol law
and its major compilations, see Oljeitogtoqu,“Qingchao dui Menggu de lifa
gaisu,” 348 - 70 ; Dalizhabu,“‘Menggu lüeli’,” 1 – 10.
10 Zhao Zhiheng, ed.,Neimenggu tongshi, disan juan, 3 : 3 – 4 ; Perdue,China
Marches West, 175 – 76 ; Lu Minghui,Qingdai Menggu shi, 20 – 21 ; Yi-du-he-
xi-ge,Menggu minzu tongshi, disi juan, 4 : 123 ; Zhang Mu,Menggu youmu ji,
148. Many of the Chinese works give unsupported and differingfigures for the
total number of banners in 1691 or at an unspecified date.
11 Qianlongchao neifu chaoben, 92 ;Da Qing huidian(QL), 619 : 741 – 42. There
is some confusion in secondary sources over the number of Khalkha
banners and their chronology. This is probably because there are eighty-
three northern Khalkha banners, as well as two“Khalkha”banners of an
unrelated group resident south of the desert (monan zhi ka-er-ka)anda
third“Khalkha”banner in Qinghai;Da Qing huidian shili(JQ), 637 : 2397.
One Qing source that lists a number of such potential confusions is Fu Ge,
“Tongming Menggu bu,” 33.
12 Huidian(KX), 728 : 7029. It has been argued that the league system was only
fully developed after the consolidation of Mongol banner pastures; Oyunbilig,
“Meng de chuxing,” 76 – 77.
13 Da Qing huidian(QL), 619 : 735 b;Qianlong chao neifu chaoben, 48 – 49.
14 Da Qing huidian(KX), 728 : 7049. For an example from Mongolia proper, see
Oka,“Shindai shiryōni mieru Mongoru no saigai,” 54.
15 Gu Yanwu,Yuan chaoben ri zhi lu, 834 – 45.
16 Manbun rōtō, 1 : 456 ;QSL,TC 8 / 6 / 24 , 2 : 249 a.
17 QSL,TC 8 / 11 / 10 , 2 : 276 a– 77 b. For some important context for and analysis
of this meeting, see Dalizhabu,“Qing chu nei zha-sa-ke qi de jianli wenti,”
261 – 62. I am grateful to Professor Bao Meihua for her assistance with the
transliteration of“Šongqor.”
18 Da Qing huidian shili(GX), 10 : 1247 b– 48 a.
19 Zhang Mu,Menggu youmu ji, 374 – 78 , 264 – 65.
20 MWLF, YZ 10 / 12 / 17 [ 03 - 0173 - 1031 - 012 ].
21 See, for example, an October 1679 report that“recently, those crossing the
border to plunder are all poor people without any means of subsistence who
have been defeated by Galdan andfled here,”QSL,KX 18 / 8 / 27 , 4 : 1063 a–b.
See also,QSLKX 16 / 12 / 25 , 4 : 903 b; Perdue,China Marches West, 139.
22 QSL,KX 22 / 9 / 15 , 5 : 151 a–b. This entry is dated 1683 , the same year that
1682 – 83 statutes limiting the size of Zunghar delegations appear inDa Qing
huidian(KX), 728 : 7076.
23 Dalizhabu,“Qingdai Baqi Chakhar kao,” 7 : 287 – 305 ; Wei Yuan,Shengwu
ji, 1 : 97 ; Fu Ge,“Menggu,” 31 ;Qingshigao, 14 : 4173.
24 Da Qing huidian(GX), 668 a; MWLF, YZ 13 / 11 / 19 [ 03 - 174 - 1544 - 011. 2 ].
For an overview of the state herding system, see Li Sanmou,“Qingdai
beibu bianjiang de guan muchang,”Zhongguo bianjiang shi yanjiu, 1
( 1999 ): 69 – 77.
25 Ba-yin-mu-ren,Menggu Shouyi Yanjiu, 69 – 75.
26 Da Qing huidian(GX), 871 a, 857 b;Da Qing huidian shili(GX), 11 : 889 b,
890 a–b, 893 a.
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