Works Cited
abbreviations
SZ: Shunzhi (r. 1644 – 61 )
KX: Kangxi (r. 1662 – 1722 )
YZ: Yongzheng (r. 1723 – 35 )
QL: Qianlong (r. 1736 – 96 )
JQ: Jiaqing (r. 1796 – 1820 )
DG: Daoguang (r. 1821 – 50 )
XF: Xianfeng (r. 1851 – 61 )
TZ: Tongzhi (r. 1862 – 74 )
GX: Guangxu (r. 1875 – 1907 )
HJY: Heilongjiang jiangjun yamen dang’an
MWLF: Manwen lufu zouzhe
NFY: Ningguta fudutong yamen dang’an
QSL: Qingshilu
unpublished archival sources
Gongzhong dang, falü dalei, jinyan (Palace Memorial archive, legal category,
opium prohibition). Daoguang period. Subject category of Chinese holdings
in China’s History Archive # 1 , Beijing, PRC.
Hei-tu dang (Archive of Lateral Administrative Communications). Subject category
of Manchu holdings in the Liaoning Provincial Archives, Shenyang, PRC.
Heilongjiang jiangjun yamen dang’an (Archives of the Heilongjiang Military
Governor’sOffice). Subject category of Manchu holdings in China’s History
Archive # 1 , Beijing, PRC.
Huke shishu (Routine memorial copy-books Board of Revenue). Subject category
of Chinese holdings in China’s History Archive # 1 , Beijing, PRC.