Across Forest, Steppe, and Mountain_ Environment, Identity, and Empire in Qing China\'s Borderlands

0500

250

750 km

0

250

500 miles

TAIWAN

GUANGDONG

GUANGXI

GUIZHOU

HUNAN

JIANGXI

FUJIAN

SICHUAN

YUNNAN

TIBET

XINJIANG

QINGHAI

MONGOLIA

HUBEI

ANHUI

ZHEJIANG

SHANGHAI

SHANDONG

HENAN

SHAANXI

SHANXI

BEIJINGHEBEI

TIANJIN

LIAONING

JILIN

HEILONGJIANG

RUSSIA

RUSSIA

JAPAN

NORTH KOREA

SOUTHKOREA

Yellow

Sea

East China

Sea

South China

Sea

HAINAN

KYRGYZSTAN

TI

B

E

T

INDIA

BHUTAN

BANGLA- DESH

MYANMAR

LAOS

THAILAND

VIETNAM

PHILIPPINES

Sea ofJapan

PACIFICOCEAN

Bay ofBengal

JIAN

GSU

G

A

N

S

U

AIXGNIN HC

GNU

NIQ

G

NI

N

RE

M

O

N

OG

IL

A

Farming areaPastoral areaEcotone

TengChong

County

HeiHeCounty

Hu Huanyong

line

CHINA

ParacelIslands

SpratleyIslands

TAIWAN

NatunaIslands

BRUNEI

INDONESIA

South China

Sea

MALAYSIA

Hainan

PHI

LIPP

INES

VIE

TNAM

BatanIslandsBabuyanIslands

PratasIslands

map 1:

HU LINE ECOTONE MAP (From Zhang, Wei, and Chen,

“Mapping the Farming-Pastoral Ecotones in China,

”

Journal of

Mountain Science

,^6

.^1

[March

2009

]:

85

.)

11