69 QSL,KX 55 /ic 3 / 22 , 629 a– 30 a.
70 Qing Gaozong yuzhi shi 4 : 265 b.
71 Qing Gaozong yuzhi shi 4 : 265 b– 66 a, 12 : 52 b.
72 Qing Gaozong yuzhi shi 14 : 167 b– 68 b. A gloss later in the poem on an
expression of“secret worry”explains that because contemporary Mongols
have become as agrarian as Han, they are no longer the ferocious warriors
feared from the Han to the Ming and would now be useless as soldiers.
73 Qing Gaozong yuzhi shi 5 : 344 a, 6 : 379 b– 80 a; Ge Quansheng, ed.,Qingdai
zhouzhe huibian,QL 14 / 11 / 10 , 112 .“Three-sided drive”(sanqu) refers to the
tradition of surrounding game on only three sides, thus benevolently allowing
prey an escape route. Here it is likely a general reference to battue hunting.
74 For a similar reading of Qianlong’s Mongolian poetry influenced by the PRC’s
contemporary multiethnic discourse, see Xi-yong-jiao,“‘Qin fanzhong jian
kan tongli, waiyu jimi qi jinqing’,” 76 – 78.
75 Gao Shiqi,Hucong dongxun riji, 111 – 12.
76 QSL,KX 37 / 12 / 17 , 5 : 1027 b– 28 a.
77 Qing Shengzu yuzhi shi wen, 1 : 179 a.
78 MWLF, QL 8 / 2 / 3 [ 03 - 174 - 1514 - 001 ]. Different reports on this group, com-
prising one thousand Solon-Ewenki, Dagur, and Bargut each, give different
accounts of the agricultural abilities and dependencies, especially of the Dagur;
MWLF QL 6 / 10 / 5 [ 03 - 175 - 1558 - 033 ]. All three thousand seem to have been
conscripted from“huntsmen”(buthai hahasi), which raises the question as to
why Dagur sometimes appear as unreliant on any meat; QL 1 / 12 / 11 [ 03 - 174 -
1481 - 001 ]. Nevertheless, overall deliberations in 1736 – 43 accepted that the
Dagur were generally cultivators whereas the Solon-Ewenki and Bargut were
generally pastoralists and foragers. The record is consistent in its assertion that
climate conditions in Hulun Buir precluded sufficient Dagur cultivation and
that 168 Solon-Ewenki and Dagur were dismissed from cultivation to return
to“sable tribute.”“Tribute”probably included hunting for food in this
context.
79 Ge Quansheng, ed.,Qingdai zhouzhe huibian,QL 3 / 11 / 29 ,p. 17.
80 MWLF, QL 1 / 12 / 11 [ 03 - 0174 - 1481 - 001 ].
81 Manbun rōtō, 1 : 201 – 2.
82 Chen Zilong, ed.,Huang Ming jingshi wenbian, 6 : 5124 a. Whatever their own
capabilities, contemporary Manchu troops certainly relied on Han peasants,
“who understand agriculture,”to assist them in establishing military agricul-
tural colonies;Qingchu neiguo shiyuan Manwen dang’an, 1 : 149.
83 For examples, seeQingchu neiguo shiyuan Manwen dang’an, 1 : 200 , 269 ,
280 , 287 – 88 , 308 , 316 , 328 , 394 , 400 – 401 , 403 , 431 – 32. Issues in such
cases could include whose arrow actually hit a tiger, letting game escape,
breaking battue formation to pursue game and even, incredibly, a dispute
between an imperial guardsman and the khan Hong Taiji himself over
whose deer was bagged and whose deer got away. The guardsman was
imprisoned, but pardoned from execution after an appeal by his family;
ibid., 1 : 431 – 32.
84 Qingchu neiguo shiyuan Manwen dang’an, 1 : 46 , 54 , 448 ; Zhang Ruizhi and
Xu Lizhi, eds.,Shengjing Manwen dang’an zhong de lüling, 2 : 282.
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