March/April 2020 19
STEPHEN WERTHEIM is Deputy Director of
Research and Policy at the Quincy Institute for
Responsible Statecraft and a Research Scholar
at the Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and
Peace Studies at Columbia University.
mistaken priorities. At worst, they
turned the United States into a destruc-
tive actor in the world. Rather than
practice and cultivate peace, Washington
pursued armed domination and launched
futile wars in Afghanistan in 2001, in
Iraq in 2003, and in Libya in 2011. These
actions created more enemies than they
defeated. They killed hundreds o
thousands o civilians and overextended a
generation o U.S. service members. They
damaged laws and institutions that stabi-
lize the world and the United States.
They made the American people less safe.
As the United States inated military
threats and then poured resources into
countering them, it also failed to provide
for the global common good. Although it
has led some laudable eorts to address
the ³°½ ́ pandemic and climate change,
the overall record is grim. Since 1990, the
United States, despite having only four
percent o the global population, has
emitted about 20 percent o the world’s
total carbon dioxide, the main contributor
to climate change. Although China is
now the world’s top emitter, the United
States’ emissions per capita remain more
than twice as high as China’s. American
leaders have alternated between denying
the problem and taking insu¾cient
steps to solve it. It remains unclear
whether humanity can prevent the overall
global temperature from rising to be-
tween 1.5 and 2.0 degrees Celsius over
preindustrial levels; i not, the damage
may prove irreversible, and ¥res, droughts,
and oods may proliferate.
Meanwhile, the economic growth that
has contributed to climate change has
not bene¥ted enough people. True,
extreme poverty has plummeted globally
since the early 1990s. This spectacular
achievement is substantially the result oThe Price of
Primacy
Why America Shouldn’t
Dominate the World
Stephen Wertheim
T
he collapse o the Soviet Union
revealed the bankruptcy o
international communism. In
time, the absence o a Cold War foe also
exposed the bankruptcy o Washing-
ton’s global ambitions. Freed from major
challengers, the United States had an
unprecedented chance to shape interna-
tional politics according to its wishes. It
could have chosen to live in harmony
with the world, pulling back its armed
forces and deploying them only for vital
purposes. It could have helped build a
world o peace, strengthening the laws
and institutions that constrain war and
that most other states welcome. From
this foundation o security and goodwill,
the United States could have exercised
leadership on the already visible challenges
ahead, including climate change and the
concentration o ungoverned wealth.
Instead, Washington did the opposite.
It adopted a grand strategy that gave pride
o place to military threats and methods,
and it constructed a form o global inte-
gration that served the immediate inter-
ests o a few but imperiled the long-term
interests o the many. At best, these were
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