266 Catriona Hyslop
TABLE i. Sub-classes of verbs
IntransitiveAmbitransitiveTransitiveExtended transitiveStative (Adjectives)ActiveHave no transitive formO-type. Take causative prefix vaga-A-type. Take applicative suffix -CiA-type. Take applicative suffix -gi(ni)O-type. Take causative suffix -tagi(ni)Have no transitive formA-typeO-typeO-type. Take anticausative prefix ma- (or fa-)A-type. Reduplicated to form intransitiveHave no intransitive form (both unmarked transitive and those
with -Ci or -gi(ni) but no intransitive form)Take O of DAT/BEN preposition. Have no intransitive formof stative verbs forms the class of adjectives. They can also be called state-process
verbs, due to the fact that these verbs refer to a state when marked for telic aspect,
but a process when marked for realis or irrealis mood (§4.2.1).
The division into A-type vs. O-type verbs is important for those intransitive
verbs which can be marked for an increase in valency, and those transitive verbs
which can be marked for a decrease in valency (Dixon 1988). A-type intransitive
verbs are those for which the subject of the intransitive verb (S) becomes the agent
(A) of the derived transitive, and the introduced argument is in object (O) func-
tion. On the other hand, with O-type intransitives, the S becomes the O of the
derived form, and the introduced argument is in A function. Using the same ter-
minology to describe transitive verbs, the A of an A-type transitive remains as the
sole argument of the derived intransitive form of the verb, whereas in the case of
the O-type verbs, the remaining argument of the derived verb, in S function, rep-
resents the O argument of the original transitive.
The various sub-classes of verbs are summarized in Table i.
3.2.1. Stative verbs: the class of adjectivesWithin the sub-class of intransitive verbs, the initial distinction is between stat-
ive and active verbs. Stative verbs form the class of adjectives. For each of the two