220 Cynthia G. Clopper
References
Clopper, Cynthia G., Brianna L. Conrey, and David B. Pisoni. 2005. Effects of talker
gender on dialect categorization. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 24
(2): 182–206.
Clopper, Cynthia G., Susannah V. Levi, and David B. Pisoni. 2006. Perceptual simi-
larity of regional dialects of American English. Journal of the Acoustical Society
of America 119: 56 6 –574.
Clopper, Cynthia G. and David B. Pisoni. 2004. Homebodies and army brats: Some
effects of early linguistic experience and residential history on dialect categoriza-
tion. Language Variation and Change 16: 31– 48.
Clopper, Cynthia G. and David B. Pisoni. 2006. Effects of region of origin and geo-
graphic mobility on perceptual dialect categorization. Language Variation and
Change 18: 193 –221.
Clopper, Cynthia G. and David B. Pisoni. 2007. Free classi¿ cation of regional dialects
of American English. Journal of Phonetics 35: 421– 438.
Goldinger, Stephen D. 1996. Words and voices: Episodic traces in spoken word identi-
¿ cation and recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition 22 (5): 1166–1183.
Johnson, Keith. 1997. Speech perception without speaker normalization: An exemplar
model. In Keith Johnson and John W. Mullennix (eds), Talker variability in speech
processing. San Diego: Academic Press, 145–165.
Labov, William and Sharon Ash. 1998. Understanding Birmingham. In Cynthia Bern-
stein, Thomas Nunnally, and Robin Sabino (eds), Language variety in the South
revisited. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 508–573.
Labov, William, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg. 2006. Atlas of North American
English. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lass, Norman J., Karen R. Hughes, Melanie D. Bowyer, Lucille T. Waters and Victoria
T. Bourne. 1976. Speaker sex identi¿ cation from voiced, whispered, and ¿ ltered
isolated vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 59 (3): 675– 678.
Liberman, Alvin M., Katherine Safford Harris, Howard S. Hoffman, and Belver C.
Grif¿ th. 1957. The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme
boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology 54 (5): 358–368.
Mullennix, John W., and David B. Pisoni. 1990. Stimulus variability and processing
dependencies in speech perception. Perception and Psychophysics 47 (4): 379–390.
Niedzielski, Nancy. 1999. The effect of social information on the perception of socio-
linguistic variables. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 18 (1): 62 – 85.
Nygaard, Lynne C., Mitchell S. Sommers, and David B. Pisoni. 1994. Speech percep-
tion as a talker-contingent process. Psychological Science 5 (1): 42–46.
Peterson, Gordon E. and Harold L. Barney. 1952. Control methods used in a study of
the vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 24: 175–184.
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2001. Exemplar dynamics: Word frequency, lenition and con-
trast. In Joan Bybee and Paul Hopper (eds), Frequency and the emergence of lin-
guistic structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 137–157.