A Reader in Sociophonetics

Identi¿ cation of African American Speech 273

Table 12.3 Multiple Regression Results By Listener Group and Sentence Type

Key to Coef¿ cient Signs

For mean and max F0, + =Afr. Ams. show higher F0,—=Eur. Ams. show higher F0.

For CPP, + = Eur. Ams. breathier,—=Afr. Ams. breathier.

For /æ/, + =Afr. Ams. show more raising,—=Eur. Ams. show more raising.

For /o/, + =Eur. Ams. show more fronting,—=Afr. Ams. show more fronting.

For std. dev. of F0, + =Afr. Ams. show wider F0 range,—=Eur. Ams. show wider F0 range

a. p values and coef¿ cient signs for North Carolina African American listeners

(n=11; coef¿ cient sign shown in parentheses when p”.10)

Treatment speaker

sex

mean F0 max F0 CPP

(a measu re of

breathiness)

vowel

quality

nu=nucleus,

gl=glide

standard

deviation

of F0

R^2

unmod /æ/ male .794 .968 .945 .090 (+) .693 .963

unmod /o/ male .675 .971 .978 nu .816

gl .866

.775 .813

unmod control male .068 (+) .060 (-) .672 — .898 .945

u n mod /æ/ female .713 .039 (-) .036 (-) .010 (+) .299 .986

unmod /o/ female .042 (+) .061 (-) .945 nu .006 (+)

gl .065 (+)

.040 (-) .99998

unmod control female .035 (+) .058 (-) .400 — .085 (+) .849

mono /æ/ male — — .630 .008 (+) — .831

mono /o/ male — — .037 (-) nu .295

gl .084 (+)

—.820

mono control male — — .551 — — .219

mono /æ/ female — — .993 .001 (+) — .905

mono /o/ female — — .903 nu .0009 (+)

gl .051 (+)

—.988

mono control female — — .597 — — .049

schwa /æ/ male .472 .757 .462 — .823 .897

schwa /o/ male .924 .662 .635 — .674 .758

schwa control male .978 .526 .930 — .282 .930

schwa /æ/ female .529 .207 .593 — .445 .525

schwa /o/ female .037 (-) .055 (-) .230 — .054 (-) .825

schwa control female .167 .043 (+) .894 — .043 (+) .819

(continued)