276 Jan Nuyts
ception, both in terms of its position in a model of language production and
in terms of its precise format. This chapter, then, will present a sketch of
the basic elements of layering in the cognitive-functional perspective
adopted here, and I will discuss the how and why of some of the most ob-
vious contrasts with the standard FG view of layered representation.^2
My repeated reference to the ‘standard conception’ of FG is important.
In the last few years some FG scholars have proposed modified concep-
tions of FG, which at least in certain respects constitute steps towards a
more cognitive and procedural approach to grammar. Probably the first
such proposal was Mackenzie’s (1998, 2000). More recent, but completely
different from Mackenzie’s, is what is proposed in Hengeveld (this vol-
ume). Whether Hengeveld’s proposal has consequences for the issues to be
discussed here is not obvious to me as yet. Hengeveld’s concerns are pri-
marily towards an integration of the discourse level into grammar, and this
clearly does cause some changes in the role and format of the layered sys-
tem in FG, inter alia in terms of its applying at or spreading out over
multiple levels in the model. But, at least at face value, the fundamental is-
sues which I will be discussing below remain unaffected. Whether this first
impression is accurate is to be decided on the basis of a future elaboration
of the new trend(s), however, and is therefore beyond the scope of the pre-
sent chapter.
I will assume basic acquaintance with the principles of the (classical)
FG layered proposal. I will use Hengeveld’s (1989) version as my refer-
ence, but the points to be made are equally applicable to Dik’s (1997)
(slightly different) version. For ease of reference, Figure 1 offers a sum-
mary overview of the essence of the system.
clauseinterpersonal (E 1 : [π 4 ILL: (S) (A) (π 3 X 1 : [proposition] σ 3 ) σ 4 ])
representational π 2 e 1 : [π 1 pred (x 1 ) ... (xn) σ 1 ] σ 2
predication
Figure 1. Basic elements of layered clause structure in Functional Grammar
Predicate operators (π 1 ) and satellites (σ 1 ): additional properties of the SoA
π 1 : qualificational aspect ((im)perfective, inchoative, progressive, etc.), predicate
negation
σ 1 : additional participants, manner, spatial orientation