306 Ahmed Moutaouakil
and leave-takings, summonses, addresses and certain polite expressions
such as those exemplified in (12a–d) form a subclass of extraclausal con-
stituents whose function is to manage interaction, to create and maintain
“the interactional conditions which must be fulfilled for a discourse event
to be implemented”:
(12) a. Good morning, sir, what time is it?
b. Hey there, where are you going?
c. John, can you give me your pencil?
d. Excuse me, could I have a cigarette?
We can also consider as pertaining to this subclass expressions like You
know, listen, look etc., which function, in their grammaticalized use (as in
(13) for instance), as mere interactional devices:
You know
(13) Listen , let's go to the theatre this evening.
Look
It is clear that, given the status and the function of these expressions,
structure (11), as it stands, cannot handle them: they can be located in none
of the five available layers. In order to do justice to this kind of expression,
I would suggest enriching structure (11) with a third interpersonal layer
which we may call the ‘Interactional layer’. Such an enrichment results in
the following structure:
(14)
[Inter-Op [Ill-Op [Mod-Op Mod-Sat]Ill-Sat]Inter-Sat]
[Loc-Op [Quant-Op [Qual-Op [Nucleus] Qual-Sat] Quant-Sat] Loc-Sat]Some remarks are in order here. First, the added constituent is a real full
layer in the sense that it involves, as do the other layers, both an interac-
tional operator (Inter-Op) and an interactional satellite (Inter-Sat), slots
intended to host particles like Hi!, Hey! as well as the quasi-
grammaticalized expressions exemplified in (12). Second, in structure (14),
the interactional layer is the outermost and highest one, taking all the other
layers in its scope. This is indeed what the data suggest, witness the follow-
ing contrast: