318 Ahmed Moutaouakil
In addition, languages differ not only in the number and the kinds of the
layer values but also in the means by which these values are expressed.
Some languages use grammatical means; others use lexical ones. For in-
stance, in Arabic, illocutionary and subjective modality values are
mediated by morphological means (particles, special morphemes, etc.)
rather than lexically. Keeping in mind that grammatical and lexical means
are underlyingly represented by operators and satellites respectively and
generalizing this observation to all the layers involved in ADS, we may
speak of ‘operator-prominent languages’ in contrast to ‘satellite-prominent
languages’.
A large part of the FG literature has been devoted to the selection and
the assignment, in different languages, of perspectivizing functions as well
as to the study of Topic and Focus types and sub-types. The results of this
work can be reinterpreted in terms of typological actualizations of the rela-
tional part of ADS.
4.2.2. ADS and discourse types
The realization of ADS in an actual discourse is codetermined by the type
of that discourse. Let us concentrate on narrative discourse, whose main
distinguishing features (extensively discussed in Moutaouakil 1998) are as
follows.
In narrative texts, the interpersonal level, as one might expect, is much
less activated than it is in other text types. Consider, for example, that in a
‘pure’ narrative text with no deictic-centre change, the fixed global illocu-
tion is what Dik (1997b: 419) calls a “default Declarative Illocution”. What
is more, in this genre, implicature phenomena hardly occur. Likewise,
highly neutral narrative texts (‘récits’ in Benveniste’s 1966 terminology)
have the prominent feature that they rarely involve subjective modality dis-
tinctions: the narrator is, in this type of text, reduced to a mere ‘paper’
entity (to use Barthes’s 1976 metaphor).
At the representational level, on the other hand, the more frequently ac-
tivated temporal and aspectual values are Past and Perfective respectively
(unless the so-called ‘Historical Present’ is used). And as regards prag-
matic functions, given that the information conveyed in a narrative text is
typically new (unshared), the type of Focus selected is, as one might ex-
pect, Completive Focus.