Cohesion
1.2 Practice
A Thistextillustratesmany features ofreference. It is
also onethat would be very suitable forthe Paper 3
'grammar cloze'question (seepage 9).Readthrough
the text andfind at least one example of eachof the
devices markedwith an asterisk(*)in 'Various devices'
on pages26-27.
PRINCEPETER
KROPOTKIN
S
ome years agoI ca meacross a copyof the
19 06 ed it ion of PrincePe te rKropotk in's
M emoirs of a Revolutionistina second-
handbooksh op.I boughtit for£3.A s soonas I
5 sta rt ed to readit Irecognizeda h ero.
Being myself a coward anda pessim ist, an d
h aving beenso aslong as I canreme mber(an dI
c an remember fallingoutofmy pram, wh ich
con firmed me inmy views),the people I most
10 adm irearethe boldandt h e opt imist ic- unl ess,
of co urse ,they areveryst up id aswell.
Kropotkin,h owever,was as cl ever ash e was
ki n d,andh ehada sin ce re fait hinthe absolute
importan ce of reading books.In thi s h e was
15 encouragedby hi s belov edelder brother, who
wrotetohimwh ent h eywe resepa ratedbythe
exigenciesoftheir harsh ed ucation,'Read
poetry; poetry make smenbetter.'B Writeyourownt est
1 Imag inethat you area CAE examiner, lookingfor
wordstoleave as gaps to test the CAEcandidates. In
the first two paragraphs of the Kropotk in passage,
underline all the words that you feel you could
reasonably expect a CAE candidatetobe able to
supply.
Look especially at:
the prepositions(across,in,for,out of,etc.).
the conjunctions(includingand,especiallyin l ines
6, 13 and30).
the sentenceadverbials.
the determiners and pronouns.28 • Writingsub-s killsKropotkinwas an explorer whomappedsome
20 ofthe wildest an d mostmajest ic rivers inthe
world.Hewas an anarch i st who, wh en h e was
imprisonedin th e dreadedfortress of S t Pete r
a n dS t PaulinM oscow, esca ped by dashing out
oft hega teinto a wait ing ca rriage an dgallop i ng
25 throughthe st r ee ts wavingtohi s friends wh o
were waiting atevery corne rtoseethatt h e way
wasclear ;thenh e sh aved off hi s beard and spent
t heeven ing at asmart restaurant,wh erenoone
th ough tof l ooking for him. H e was apioneer of
30 theecologica l movem ent, an din h is book
MutualAidheuses h is own obser vations of
nature tosuppor thi s v iewthataltru ismh as an
importantrole inevolut ion; hewasa lsofon dof
quoting Dar win 's des criptionof the blind
35 peli can wh ichwasfedby its fe llows.
M emoirs of a Revolutionistis awon derful
adventuresto ry,redolen tof th e genero ussp i ri t
andv igoro usmindof its author; if ith asnot
a lr ead ybeenreprinted, it should be.2 Choosesix of your gaps - a good gap is one where
onlyone or t wo answersare possible - and test a
partner.
3 Now findanotherEngl ish text of between 100 and
200 words. Studythe wayreferenceis usedin your
text, andlook closelyat the prepositionsand linking
words.Then turn thetext into a CAE grammarcloze
for your friends(andenemies), by copying it out with
15 one-w ordgaps.