Western Civilization

ROMAN EMPERORS Studies of some Roman emperors of the

first and second centuries includeA. Goldsworthy,Augustus:

First Emperor of Rome(New Haven, Conn., 2014);E. Cham-

plin,Nero(Cambridge, Mass., 2003); andE. Speller,Following

Hadrian(Oxford, 2003).

ROMAN ARMY AND PROVINCES The Roman army is exam-

ined inJ. B. Campbell,The Emperor and the Roman Army

(Oxford, 1984). On warfare, seeA. Goldsworthy,Roman War-

fare(New York, 2005). On the provinces and Roman foreign pol-

icy, seeB. Isaac,The Limits of Empire: The Roman Empire in

the East(Oxford, 1990).

ROMAN SOCIETY Various aspects of Roman society are cov-

ered inL. AdkinsandR. A. Adkins,Handbook to Life in

Ancient Rome (New York, 1994). On the gladiators, see

F. Meijer,The Gladiators: History’s Most Deadly Sport

(Boston, 2005). On Roman women, seeS. Dixon,Reading

Roman Women(London, 2001).

EARLY CHRISTIANITY For a general introduction to early

Christianity, seeJ. CourtandK. Court,The New Testament

World(Cambridge, 1990). On Christian women, seeR. Kraemer,

Her Share of the Blessings: Women’s Religion Among the

Pagans, Jews and Christians in the Graeco-Roman World

(Oxford, 1995). On the controversies surrounding the Christian

gospels in the early history of Christianity, seeE. Pagels,

Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas(New York,

2003).

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Notes

1. Livy,The Early History of Rome, trans. A. de Selincourt
   (Harmondsworth, England, 1960), p. 35.


2. Tacitus,The Annals of Imperial Rome, trans. M. Grant
   (Harmondsworth, England, 1956), p. 30.


3. Ibid., p. 37.


4. Ibid., p. 31.


5. Tacitus,The Histories, trans. K. Wellesley (Harmondsworth,
   England, 1964), p. 23.


6. Virgil,The Aeneid, trans. C. Day Lewis (Garden City, N.Y.,
   1952), p. 154.


7. Horace,Satires,inThe Complete Works of Horace, trans.
   Lord Dunsany and M. Oakley (London, 1961), 1.1, p. 139;
   1.3, p. 151.


8. Livy,Early History of Rome, p. 18.
   9. Seneca,Letters from a Stoic, trans. R. Campbell
   (Harmondsworth, England, 1969), let. 5.


9. Tacitus,Annals of Imperial Rome, p. 147.


10. Juvenal,The Sixteen Satires, trans. P. Green
    (Harmondsworth, England, 1967), sat. 10, p. 207.


11. Tacitus,A Dialogue on Oratory,inThe Complete Works of
    Tacitus, trans. A. Church and W. Brodribb (New York,
    1942), 29, p. 758.


12. Matthew 5:17.


13. Matthew 7:12.


14. Mark 12:30–31.


15. John 18:36.


16. Colossians 3:10–11.

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