Western Civilization

of Black Sea ports, where they acquired goods brought

by Muslim merchants from India, China, and Southeast

Asia. A few Italian merchants even journeyed to India

and China in search of trade goods.

While the northern Italian cities were busy trading in

the Mediterranean, the towns of Flanders were doing

likewise in northern Europe. Flanders, the area along

the coast of present-day Belgium and northern France,

was known for the production of a much desired, high-

quality woolen cloth. The location of Flanders made it a

logical entrep^ot for the traders of northern Europe.

Merchants from England, Scandinavia, France, and

Germany converged there to trade their wares for

woolen cloth. Flanders prospered in the eleventh and

twelfth centuries, and Flemish towns such as Bruges

(BROOZH) and Ghent became centers for the trade and

manufacture of woolen cloth.

By the twelfth century, it was almost inevitable that

a regular exchange of goods would develop between

Flanders and Italy. To encourage this trade, the counts

of Champagne in northern France established a series of

six fairs that were held annually in the chief towns of

their territory. Northern merchants brought the furs,

woolen cloth, tin, hemp, and honey of northern Europe

AAA

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S

SS S

SSS

S

SSSSSSSSS

S

SSSSSSSS

S

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

Constantinople

Lisbon

Córdoba

Toledo

Valencia

Barcelona

Bordeaux

Genoa

Lyons Milan

Florence

Venice

Rome

Naples

Paris

Bruges

Ghent

Hamburg

Lübeck

Leipzig

Frankfurt

Nuremberg

Augsburg

Danzig

Cracow

Vienna

Novgorod

Kiev

Astrakhan

Trebizond

Tabriz

Mosul

Baghdad

Damascus

Alexandria

Tripoli

Tunis

Edinburgh

London

Winchester

Dublin

Stockholm

Bergen

Budapest

Belgrade

Dnie

per (^) R.
Balearic
IslandsSardinia
Sicily
Crete Cyprus
Atlantic
Ocean
North
Sea
Black Sea
Red
Sea
Pe
rsi
an
Gu
lf
Mediterranean Sea
(^) C
as
pi
an
(^) S
ea
(^) Ni
le
R.
Vistu
la
(^) R.
Corsica
Dan
ube (^)
R.
B
alt
ic^
Se
a^
(^) Volga (^)
(^)
(^) R.
0 300 600 Miles
0 300 600 900 Kilometers
Area of cloth production
Area of linen production
Area of silk production
Trade routes
S
A
Salt
Alum
Wine
Gold
Silver
Other metals
MAP 9.1Medieval Trade Routes.Italian cities and Flanders were the centers of gradually
expanding trade in Europe. They fostered the exchange of goods from the Byzantine Empire and
the Far East with those of various regions of Europe. The decline in the level of violence over time
greatly helped trade.
Q Look back at Map 6.2. In what areas had trade expanded since 200C.E., and how can
you account for this?
206 Chapter 9The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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