landowning class. To the south, in eastern Europe,
Hungary, which had been a Christian state since
1000, remained relatively stable throughout the
High Middle Ages, but the history of Poland and
Russia was far more turbulent. In the thirteenth
century, eastern Europe was beset by two groups of
invaders, the Teutonic Knights from the west and
the Mongols from the east.
In the eleventh century, an independent Polish
kingdom existed, but it had no natural frontiers.
German settlers encroached on its territory on a reg-
ular basis, leading to considerable intermarriage
between Slavs and Germans. During the thirteenth
century, relations between the Germans and theSlavs of eastern Europe worsened due to the aggression
of the Teutonic Knights. The Teutonic Knights had
been founded near the end of the twelfth century to
protect the Christian Holy Land. In the early thirteenth
century, however, these Christian knights found
greater opportunity to the east of Germany, where they
attacked the pagan Slavs. East Prussia was given to the
military order in 1226, and by the end of the thir-
teenth century, Prussia had become German and Chris-
tian as the pagan Slavs were forced to convert.
Central and eastern Europe had periodically been
subject to invasions from fierce Asiatic nomads, includ-
ing the Huns, Avars, Bulgars, and Magyars. In the thir-
teenth century, the Mongols burst onto the scene,
causing far more disruption than earlier invaders.Impact of the Mongol Empire
The Mongols rose to power in Asia with stunning
speed. A pastoral people in the region of modern-day
Outer Mongolia, they were loosely organized in clans
and tribes that were often warring with each other.
This changed when one leader, Temuchin, unified the
Mongol tribes and gained the title of Chinggis Khan
(ca. 1162–1227), which means “universal ruler.” From
that time on, Chinggis Khan created a powerful mili-
tary force and devoted himself to fighting. “Man’s high-
est joy,” he remarked, “is in victory: to conquer one’s
enemies, to pursue them, to deprive them of their pos-
sessions, to make their beloved weep, to ride on their
horses, and to embrace their wives and daughters.”^2
Chinggis Khan was succeeded by equally competent
sons and grandsons.
In the thirteenth century, the Mongols exploded
across the steppes of Asia and advanced eastward,
eventually conquering China and Korea. One of
Chinggis Khan’s grandsons, Khubilai Khan (KOO-
bluh KAHN), completed the conquest of China and
established a new Chinese dynasty of rulers known as
the Yuan. In 1279, Khubilai Khan moved the capitalDanub
eRhine (^) R
.
R.
Dniep
er (^) R.
Balti
c^
Se
a^
Ode
r (^) R.
(^) Elbe
R.
Po (^) R.
Vistu
la R.
POMERANIA
NORWAY
SWEDEN
DENMARK
POLAND
HUNGARY
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE
KINGDOM OF
RUS
KINGDOM BYZANTINE EMPIRE
OF
SICILY
MOLDAVIA
WALLACHIA
ESTONIANS
LITHUANIANS
PRUSSIANS
CROATS
SERBS BULGARIANS
Novgorod
Lublin
Krakow
Vienna
Belgrade
Carpathian (^) M
ts.
Prague
Alps^
0 200 400 Miles
0 200 400 600 Kilometers
MAP 10.4Northern and Eastern Europe, ca. 1150.
Acceptance of Christianity gave many northern and eastern
European kingdoms greater control over their subjects.
Warfare was common in the region: dynastic struggles
occurred in Scandinavia, and the Teutonic Knights, based in
East Prussia, attacked pagan Slavs.
Q Which areas of northern and eastern Europe had
large Slavic populations? (Look back at Map 8.4.)
Casp
ian
Seaa
Baghaghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghghhhhhhhhhhhhhdaddddddadadd
Khanbaliqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
(Bei(Bei(Bei(Bei(Bei(Bei(B(Be(Bei(Be(Bei(B(Bei(Bei(B(B(Be(Bei((B(B(B(Bei((Bei(BeiBeiBeiBeBBeBeBBeiBeBeiBeieeeeeeeeeeeieieejingjjjinjingjingjinjjjingjinjinjjinjingjingjjingjinjinjinjingjinjjinjinginingingingingingingnnnngnngngngngggg))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Lhasa
Adeeeennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
MMMMESSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPP
OOTTTTAMM
IIA
YYYYYYYYYYYYYaaaaaaaannnnnnnngggtttttzzz
eeRRR.
YYYYYYYYeelllllllooowww
DDDDDDaaaaaannnnuuuuuubbbbbbbeeeeRRRRR. Black Sea
VVVollg
aR
ArabSeaian
Mediterranean Se
a
KHANATE OF THEE
GREAT KHAN
(EAST ASIA)looowwwwAARR.R.R.R.R.
KHAAAAANATNRRR. E OF KIPCHAK
VV((VVVV(GOoollggll LDEN HORDE)
KHANATEE
OF PERSIA
(IL(I(IL(I(IL(I(IL(IL(IL(I(IL(IL(IL(IL(ILILILIILLLLLLL-KHANSK )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
KHANATE OK NANANA F
CHAGHADAI
AFRICA ARABIA INDIABURBURBURBUBBBBBBBBBURBURBUBBBURBURBURUURURURURUURUUURURRRRRRRRRRMAMMMMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA VIEIEIEIEIEIEIEIEIEIEIEIIEIEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEETNTNTNATNATNTNTTNTNTNTNTNTNTTNTNTNTNATNTNTNTNTTTNTTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTTNTNTNTTNTNTTNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMM
SIBERIA
MONGOLMMM IAAAAA
YUNUNNANANAN
NAN-CHAOAN-CHAOtzzzeeee
KOKOKOKOKORKOKKKKOKOKKKKKOKOKKKKKKKKKKKKOKOKOKOKOKKKKOKOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOREAEEEAEAEEAEAEAEAEAEAEEAEAEAEAEAEEEEEAEAEAEAEEEEEEEEAEEAEEAEEAEEAEAEAEEAEEEAEAEAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
BBBBBBrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrraaaaabbbbbbbbbmmmmmmaaaaaaapppppppuuuutttttrrrrrrrrrrrrraaaaaaRRRRRNN..
The Mongol Empire in the Thirteenth Century
230 Chapter 10 The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
ÌiÊÜÌ
ÊÌ
iÊiÊÛiÀÃÊvÊ vÝÊ*ÀÊ* Ê ÌÀÊ
/ÊÀiÛiÊÌ
ÃÊÌVi]ÊÛÃÌ\Ê