Western Civilization

or only hopeless. Pascal even had an answer for skep-

tics in his famous wager: God is a reasonable bet; it is

worthwhile to assume that God exists. If he does, then

we win all; if he does not, we lose nothing. Despite his

own background as a scientist and mathematician, Pas-

cal refused to rely on the scientist’s world of order and

rationality to attract people to God: “If we submit

everything to reason, there will be no mystery and no

supernatural element in our religion.” In the new cos-

mology of the seventeenth century, “finite man,” Pascal

believed, was lost in the new infinite world, a realiza-

tion that frightened him: “The eternal silence of those

infinite spaces strikes me with terror” (see the box

on p. 401).

For Pascal, then, the world of nature could never

reveal God: “Because they have failed to contemplate

these infinites, men have rashly plunged into the exam-

ination of nature, as though they bore some proportion

to her.... Their assumption is as infinite as their

object.” A Christian could only rely on a God who

through Jesus cared for human beings. In the final

analysis, after providing reasonable arguments for

Christianity, Pascal came to rest on faith. Reason, he

believed, could take people only so far: “The heart has

its reasons of which the reason knows nothing.” As a

Christian, faith was the final step: “The heart feels

God, not the reason. This is what constitutes faith:

God experienced by the heart, not by the reason.”^14

Chapter Summary

The Scientific Revolutionrepresents a major turning point in

modern Western civilization. In the Scientific Revolution, the

Western world overthrew the medieval, Ptolemaic-Aristotelian

worldview and geocentric universe and arrived at a new concep-

tion of the universe: the sun at the center, the planets as mate-

rial bodies revolving around the sun in elliptical orbits, and an

infinite rather than finite world. This new conception of the

heavens was the work of a number of brilliant individuals: Nico-

laus Copernicus, who theorized a heliocentric or sun-centered

universe; Johannes Kepler, who discovered that planetary orbits

were elliptical; Galileo Galilei, who, by using a telescope and

observing the moon and sunspots, discovered that the universe

seemed to be composed of mate-

rial substance; and Isaac Newton,

who tied together all of these

ideas with his universal law of

gravitation. The contributions of

each individual built on the contri-

butions of the others, thus estab-

lishing one of the basic principles

of the new science—cooperation

in the pursuit of new knowledge.

With the changes in the conception of “heaven” came changes

in the conception of “earth.” The work of Bacon and Descartes

left Europeans with the separation of mind and matter and the

belief that by using only reason they could in fact understand

and dominate the world of nature. The development of a scien-

tific methodology furthered the work of the scientists, and the

creation of scientific societies and learned journals spread its

results. The Scientific Revolution was

more than merely intellectual theo-

ries. It also appealed to nonscientific

elites because of its practical implica-

tions for economic progress and for

maintaining the social order, includ-

ing the waging of war.

Although traditional churches stub-

bornly resisted the new ideas and a

few intellectuals pointed to some inherent flaws, nothing was

able to halt the replacement of the traditional ways of thinking

by new ways of thinking that created a more fundamental break

with the past than that represented by the breakup of Christian-

ity in the Reformation.

The Scientific Revolution forced Europeans to change their

conception of themselves. At first, some were appalled and even

frightened by its implications. Formerly, humans on earth had

viewed themselves as being at the center of the universe. Now

the earth was only a tiny planet revolving around a sun that was

itself only a speck in a boundless universe. Most people remained

optimistic despite the apparent blow to human dignity. After all,

had Newton not demonstrated that the universe was a great

machine governed by natural laws? Newton had found one—the

universal law of gravitation. Could others not find other laws?

Were there not natural laws governing every aspect of human

endeavor that could be found by the new scientific method?

Thus, as we shall see in the next chapter, the Scientific Revolu-

tion leads us logically to the Enlightenment in the eighteenth

century.

402 Chapter 16 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution

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