Western Civilization

Scientific Revolution(New York, 2002);M. Sharratt,Galileo:

Decisive Innovator(Oxford, 1994);M. Casper,Johannes Kep-

ler, trans. C. D. Hellman (London, 1959), the standard biography;

R. S. Westfall,The Life of Isaac Newton(New York, 1993); and

P. Fara,Newton: The Making of Genius(New York, 2004).

THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE The importance of Francis Bacon

in the early development of science is underscored in

P. Zagorin,Francis Bacon(Princeton, N.J., 1998). A good intro-

duction to the work of Descartes can be found inG. Radis-Lewis,

Descartes: A Biography(Ithaca, N.Y., 1998).

WOMEN AND SCIENCE On the subject of women and early

modern science, see the comprehensive and highly informative

work byL. Schiebinger,The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the

Origins of Modern Science(Cambridge, Mass., 1989).

SCIENCE AND SOCIETY The social and political context for

the triumph of science in the seventeenth and eighteenth centu-

ries is examined inM. C. Jacob,The Cultural Meaning of the

Scientific Revolution(New York, 1988). On the relationship of

science and industry, seeM. C. Jacob,Scientific Culture and

the Making of the Industrial West(Oxford, 1997).

MindTapis a fully online, highly personalized learning experience built upon

Cengage Learning content. MindTap combines student learning tools—readings,

multimedia, activities, and assessments—into a singular Learning Path that guides

students through the course.

Notes

1. Quoted in A. G. R. Smith,Science and Society in the
   Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries(London, 1972), p. 59.


2. Quoted in E. MacCurdy,The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci
   (London, 1948), vol. 1, p. 634.


3. Quoted in J. H. Randall,The Making of the Modern Mind
   (Boston, 1926), p. 234.


4. Quoted in L. Schiebinger,The Mind Has No Sex? Women in
   the Origins of Modern Science(Cambridge, Mass., 1989), pp.
   52–53.


5. Quoted in ibid., p. 85.


6. Quoted in P. Stock,Better than Rubies: A History of Women’s
   Education(New York, 1978), p. 16.
   7. R. Descartes,Philosophical Writings, ed. and trans. N. K.
   Smith (New York, 1958), p. 95.
   8. Ibid., pp. 118–119.
   9. F. Bacon,The Great Instauration, trans. J. Weinberger
   (Arlington Heights, Ill., 1989), pp. 2, 8.


7. Ibid., pp. 2, 16, 21.


8. S. Drake, ed. and trans.,Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo
   (New York, 1957), p. 182.


9. B. Pascal,Pensees, trans. J. M. Cohen (Harmondsworth,
   England, 1961), p. 100.


10. Ibid., p. 31.


11. Ibid., pp. 52–53, 164, 165.

404 Chapter 16 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution

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