Archpoet,Confession of Golias, 215
Arena Chapel, Padua, 268
Arete(excellence), 53
Arian Christianity, 149–50, 152, 154
Aristarchus of Samos, 88
Aristocracy.SeeNobility
Aristophanes, 63–64
Aristotle, 66; Christianity and, 214; medieval
learning and, 194, 214, 386; on motion,
387;Politicsby, 66–67, 69; inSchool of
Athens, 289; science and, 88
Arius.SeeArian Christianity
Armada (Spain), 324
Armed forces.SeeMilitary; Navy; Wars and
warfare
Arms and armaments.SeeWeapons
Arretium, 129
Arrian (historian), 74, 75
Arsinoe ̈II (Egypt), 85, 87
Ars moriendi(art of dying), 254
Art(s): artists, society, and, 290; Assyrian,
38; Baroque, 378–79, 379 ; Black Death
and, 253–54; as characteristic of
civilizations, 6; classical ideal in, 64–65;
Classicism in, 380; in Egypt,18,20;
Hellenistic,87,87–88, 88 ; Mannerism in,
378; Mesopotamian, 13–14; in
Renaissance, 286–92; Roman, 111.
See alsospecific arts and artists
Artisans: in Athens, 68; in Egypt, 18, 18 ;
medieval, 207, 209
Art of Love, The(Ovid), 131
Asceticism, of monasticism, 157, 158–59
Ashur (god), 38
Ashurbanipal (Assyria), 36,37, 39
Ashurnasirpal II (Assyria), 38
Asia: European involvement in, 339–42,341,
353; Mongols in, 230, 250–51; nomads
from, 230; Portugal and, 339–40, 342,
348; Roman province in, 104; water route
to, 329.See alsoSoutheast Asia;
Southwest Asia
Asia Minor: Alexander the Great in, 76;
Byzantine Empire and, 245; Celtic attacks
on, 82; Greece and, 60; Ottoman Turks
from, 296; Persian Empire and, 40, 42, 43
Assemblies: in Athens, 59, 60; in Rome, 98,
99.See alsoParliament
Assimilation: by Assyrians, 38; by Hittite
Empire, 29; of Magyars, 181; of Vikings,
183, 191
Assyrian Empire, 36–39, 36 (map); governing
of, 39; Israel and, 30,31,33; military in,
37–38; Phoenicians and, 36; Samaria and,
30; society and culture in, 38
Assyrian language, 10 (tab.)
Astarte (goddess), 90
Astrolabe, 195, 329
Astrology, 387
Astronomy, 213; Hellenistic, 88; Islamic,
195; megaliths and, 28; Scientific
Revolution and, 387–93; Sumerians and,
14; women in, 395–96
Atahualpa (Inca), 336
Atargatis (goddess), 90
Aten (god), 20, 21
Athanasius (Saint), 150Athena (goddess), 67
Athenian Empire, 60–61, 62
Athens, 49, 58–59; classical architecture in,
64,64–65; Delian League and, 60;
democracy in, 49, 59, 60, 61; drama in,
63–64; empire in, 60–61, 62; government
of, 58–59; in Hellenistic world, 85;
imperialism of, 60–61, 62; lifestyle in
classical period, 68–70; Macedonians and,
74; navy of, 59, 60, 62; Persia and, 42,
59–60; philosophers of, 65–67; aspolis,
54; Sparta and, 48–49; Thucydides and,
62–63; women in, 68,68,69–70.See also
Peloponnesian War
Athletes, Greek, 67
Atlantic Ocean region: slave trade in,
338–39, 340; Vikings in, 183
Attalid dynasty (Pergamum), 81
Attalus I (Pergamum), 82
Attica, 49, 54.See alsoAthens
Attila the Hun, 151–52
Augsburg, Peace of, 309, 309 (map)
Augusta Treverorum (Roman city), 127
Augustine of Hippo (Saint), 159, 161–62
Augustinians, 304
Augustus (Octavian, Rome), 115–16, 120,
121–24,122,126 (map)
Aurelian (Rome), 138
Australopithecines, 2
Austria: Habsburg dynasty and, 295; Italy
and, 368; Ottomans and, 296, 309;
revolts in, 362.See alsoAustrian
Netherlands
Austrian Empire: growth of, 367–68, 368
(map).See alsoAustria
Austrian Netherlands, 367–68, 368 (map).
See alsoBelgium; Spanish Netherlands
Auxiliaries (Rome), 122
Avars, 176, 230
Averroe ̈s, 214
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 195
Avignon, pope at, 263–64, 263 (map), 265
Azara, Felix de, 349
Aztec people,334,334–36
Babur (Mughal Empire), 342
Babylon and Babylonia, 10; Alexander the
Great in, 77; Ashurbanipal’s conquest of,
39; Assyria and, 37; Chaldeans in, 40;
Nebuchadnezzar in, 40; Persians and, 40.
See alsoAmorites; Mesopotamia; Neo-
Babylonian Empire
Babylonian captivity, of Jews, 31–32
Babylonian Captivity of the Church(Luther),
305
Babylonian language, 10 (tab.)
Bacchae, The(Euripides), 63
Bacon, Francis, 398–99
Baghdad: construction of, 192–93; library in,
194; Mongols in, 231; Muslims in, 241;
observatory at, 195; population in, 209;
trade and, 193
Bahamas, 333
Balance of power, in Italy, 279–80
Balkan region: civilization in, 28; Eastern
Roman Empire in, 165; Ottoman Empire
in, 296, 370; Rome and, 138Ball, John, 255
Baltic region: in 18th century, 352–53;
Russia and, 369, 371 (map); Vikings in,
182
Balto-Slavic languages, 29 (tab.)
Banking: in Amsterdam, 353; commercial
capitalism and, 353; Medici and, 276
Baptism, 142, 237, 307, 312, 313
Bar (French province), 292
Barbados, 346
Barons (England), 224
Baroque arts, characteristics of, 378–79, 379
Basel, 310
Basil II (Byzantine Empire), 188
Basilicas: Romanesque,216,216–17; of Saint
Peter, 298, 379
Basques, Charlemagne and, 174
Batavia (Jakarta), 341, 341
Baths: in medieval cities, 211; in Rome,127,
135
Bavaria and Bavarians, 160, 176, 261
Bayeux tapestry, 223
Bay of Naples, 127
Bedouins, 166, 167
Beijing, 231, 344
Belgium: medieval trade and, 206; Spain and,
321.See alsoAustrian Netherlands; Low
Countries
Belgrade, 370
Belisarius, 162, 163 (map)
Bellarmine, Robert, 392–93
Benedict (Saint) and Benedictine
monasticism, 157–58, 232, 233, 234,
236–37
Bengal, 344
Benin, 347–48
Berengar (Italy), 189
Berlin Academy, 395, 396
Bermuda, 346
Bern, 310
Bernard of Clairvaux (Saint), 234, 235, 243
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 379, 379
Bible: flood in, 15; of Gutenberg, 286; Luther
and, 304, 305; translations by Jerome,
162.See alsoGospels; Hebrew Bible; New
Testament
Bill of Rights, in England, 376, 377
Birth control, Christianity and, 179
Birthrate, in Middle Ages, 250
Bishops and bishoprics, 149, 156, 232, 233
Bithynia, Asia Minor, 130, 140
Black Death: art and, 267; Asian trade and,
250–51; in Europe, 251, 253–54; Jews
and, 251, 253; Knighton on, 249–50;
mortality rates, 251; spread of,249, 253
(map).See alsoPlague
Black Hole of Calcutta, 344
Black Prince.SeeEdward (Black Prince,
England)
Blacks: slave trade and, 339.See alsoAfrica
Black Sea region, 56, 206, 231
Black Stone, 166–67
Blanche of Castile, 203–4
Blood circulation, Harvey on, 394
Bloodletting, 180, 180
Board of Trade (Britain), 347
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 252414 IndexCopyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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