Markets: in Champagne, 206–7; Greek, 54, 56
Marriage: age at, 203; in aristocracy, 203,
205; Carolingian, 179; clerical, 305, 313;
in Egypt, 23, 24; Frankish, 156; Habsburg
dynastic, 295; Hammurabi’s Code on,
11–12; in Islam, 167–68; Luther on, 305,
314; in Middle Ages, 267; monogamy
and, 23, 179; Protestantism and, 314; in
Renaissance Italy, 278, 278 ; in Rome, 99,
107–8.See alsoIntermarriage
Mars (god), 106
Martin V (Pope), 265
Martinique, 346
Mary: queen of Scots, 372.SeeVirgin Mary
Mary I (England), 313, 321
Mary II (England), 376, 377
Masaccio,286, 287
Massachusetts, 347
al-Mas’udi, 193
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
(Newton).See Principia(Newton)
Mathematics: in Arab world, 195; medieval,
214; Mesopotamian, 14; Scientific
Revolution and, 387, 391
Matthew, Gospel of, 158
Maurice (Byzantine Empire), 166
Mauryan Empire (India),81, 342
Maximilian I (Holy Roman Empire), 295,
308
Maya, 334, 334
Mazarin, Jules (Cardinal), 363
Mecca, 167
Mechanics, motion and, 393
Medes: Assyria and, 37, 40; Persia and, 40,
44
Media (country), 40.See alsoMedes
Medical schools, 213
Medici family: banking and, 276; Church of
San Lorenzo and, 287; Cosimo de’, 279,
283, 284, 288 ; Lorenzo the Magnificent,
279
Medicine: Avicenna and, 195; in Middle
Ages, 180–81, 213; in Scientific
Revolution, 393–94.See alsoDisease;
Health and health care
Medieval Europe.SeeEarly Middle Ages;
High Middle Ages; Middle Ages
Medina, 167, 168
Meditations(Marcus Aurelius), 136
Mediterranean region: 9th and 10th century
invasions in, 181–83, 182 (map); in 18th
century, 352–53; civilization in, 28;
Greece and, 49, 56; Muslims in, 170; Nile
and, 16; population of, 199 (tab.); trade,
34.See alsospecific locations
Megaliths (Neolithic), 28
Mehmet II (Ottomans), 296
Memoirs(Ludlow), 375
Memoirs(Saint-Simon), 364
Memphis, Egypt, 16, 42
Men: Hammurabi’s Code on, 11–12; in
Paleolithic society, 3–4; roles of, 268.
See alsoGender and gender issues;
Homosexuals and homosexuality; Women
Menander, 87
Menes (Egypt), 16
Mennah (Egypt), 22, 22Mennonites, 312
Mercantilism, 353, 365
Mercator, Gerardus, 351
Mercator projection, 351
Mercenaries, 260, 262
Merchants: in Asia, 342, 345; Egyptian, 18;
in Flanders, 206; medieval, 207, 208;
mercantilism and, 353; in Renaissance,
276; slave trade and, 339.See also
Commerce; Trade
Merchant ships, 339
Mercury (god), 106
Merovingian dynasty, 154, 174, 176
Mesoamerica, 334
Mesopotamia: Assyria and, 36; civilization
of, 7–14; culture of, 12–14; empires in,
9–14; Hittites and, 29; Persians and, 40;
religion in, 12–13; Rome and, 125;
writing in, 13–14, 13 (tab.)
Messenger, The: The Story of Joan of Arc, The
(movie), 259–60
Messenia, 56
Messiah, Jesus and, 139, 141
Mestizos, 348
Metals: Neolithic, 5.See alsoGold; Silver
Methodius (missionary), 191
Metropolis, Greek, 55
Mexico: Aztec civilization in, 334–36; Mayan
civilization in, 334; population of, 336;
silver in, 351; Spanish conquests in,
334–36
Michael III (Byzantine Empire), 188
Michael Cerularius (Patriarch), 241
Michael Romanov, 368
Michelangelo,273,274, 288, 289–90, 290
Middle Ages, 173–220, 249–72; Aristotle’s
thought in, 67; Black Death in, 250–54;
Byzantine civilization in, 187–89;
Carolingian Empire in, 174–83;
Christianity and, 233–39, 262–65; cities
in, 207, 209, 210 ; Constantinople in, 163;
culture and society in, 265–70; economic
and social crisis in, 254–56;
entertainment in, 269, 269 ; forests in,
200; homosexuality in, 239; industry in,
211; intellectual and artistic world in,
211–18; Islam in, 192–95; land and
people in, 199–204; lifestyle in, 209–11;
lords and vassals in, 183–87; manorial
system in, 186–87, 186 (map), 187 ;
nobility in, 202–4; Scriptures in, 162;
Slavic peoples in, 190–91; trade in, 187,
204–7, 208; war and political instability
in, 256–62; women in, 202, 211.See also
Plague
Middle East: Alexander the Great in, 77
(map).See alsoArabs and Arab world;
Near East
Middle Kingdom (Carolingian Empire), 181
Middle Kingdom (Egypt), 16, 18, 20
Middle Passage, 339
Mieszko (Poland), 190
Migration: Germanic, 150, 182–83; Greek,
51; in Middle Ages, 250; of Slavs, 190
(map); Viking, 182–83
Milan: as city-state, 229; duchy of, 262, 279;
population in, 209Militarism, Egyptian, 20
Military: Assyrian, 37–38; Athenian, 59;
Byzantine, 188; in France, 365; Greek,
54–55, 55 ; in Hellenistic world, 82–83; in
Hundred Years’ War, 256; Macedonian,
74; in Middle Ages, 184; Mycenaean, 51;
Persian, 44; in Prussia, 367; Roman, 101,
101,104, 113, 121–22,127,137–38,
147–48; Russian, 369, 370; in Sparta,
56–57.See alsoMercenaries; Navy;
Warriors
Mills, 201
Miltiades (Athens), 59
Minerals, 276
Minerva (goddess), 106
Mines and mining, 276
Ming dynasty (China), 344
Minoan Crete, 49–51, 51 (map)
Minos (Crete), 50
Miraculous cures, 180–81
Mishneh Torah, 34
Missi dominici, 176
Mission, The(movie), 350
Missions and missionaries: in Asia, 342;
Byzantine, 188; in China, 348–49; in
colonies, 348–49, 351; English, 159–60;
Irish monks and, 158–59; in Japan, 345;
Jesuit, 317; learning revived by, 178; in
Roman Empire, 142
Mitasystem, 337
Mithraism, 138–39, 142
Moabites, 30
Moctezuma (Aztecs), 334
Modern Devotion (mystical movement), 304
Mohenjo-Daro, 6, 6 (map)
Molie`re, Jean-Baptiste, 381–82
Moluccas (Spice Islands), 317, 328, 330, 332,
340, 353
Monarchs and monarchies: in 14th century,
260; in 17th century, 358; Anglo-Saxon,
154; Austrian, 363, 364; Carolingian, 176,
181; divine right and, 362; in Dutch
Republic, 372; in eastern Europe, 230–31,
295; in England, 154, 222–24, 292–93,
372, 374, 376–78; in France, 224, 226,
256, 261, 280, 292; Frankish, 154;
Germanic, 152–54, 153 (map); in
Germany, 228–29, 261; Hellenistic,
80–81; Holy Roman Empire and, 228–29,
294–95; in Italy, 228–29; in northern
Europe, 229–30; in Ostrogothic Italy,
152–53; in Renaissance, 292–96; in
Rome, 97; in Spain, 227, 280, 293–94; in
Visigothic Spain, 153–54, 153 (map).
See alsoAbsolutism; Constitutional
monarchy; Limited monarchies; specific
rulers and locations
Monasticism.SeeMonks and monasteries
Monetary system, in Rome, 138
Money: medieval trade and, 204, 207.
See alsoInflation
Money payments, as scutage, 258
Mongol Empire, 230–31, 230 (map)
Mongolia, 230, 344
Mongols, 230–31, 249, 250–51, 258, 295
Monks and monasteries: Carolingian
Renaissance and, 178; Cluniac reform424 IndexCopyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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