C

H

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E

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3

The Civilization of

the Greeks

CHAPTER OUTLINE

AND FOCUS QUESTIONS

Early Greece

Q How did the geography of Greece affect Greek

history?

The Greeks in a Dark Age

(ca. 1100–ca. 750B.C.E.)

Q Who was Homer, and why was his work used as

the basis for Greek education?

The World of the Greek City-States

(ca. 750–ca. 500B.C.E.)

Q What were the chief features of the polis, or city-

state, and how did the major city-states of Athens

and Sparta differ?

The High Point of Greek Civilization:

Classical Greece

Q What did the Greeks mean by democracy, and in

what ways was the Athenian political system a

democracy? What effect did the two great conflicts

of the fifth centuryB.C.E.—the Persian wars and

the Peloponnesian War—have on Greek

civilization?

The Culture and Society of Classical Greece

Q Upon what ideals was classical Greek art based, and

how were these ideals expressed? What questions

did the Greek philosophers pose, and what answers

did they suggest?

CRITICAL THINKING

Q Why are the Greeks considered the

cornerstone of the Western intellectual

tradition?

CONNECTIONS TO TODAY

Q What are the similarities and differences

between ancient Athenian democracy and

modern U.S. democracy?

A bust of Pericles

Museo Pio Clementino, Vatican State//Scala/Art Resource, NY Getty Images

IN 431B.C.E., WAR ERUPTEDas two dramatically

different Greek city-states—Athens and Sparta—

fought for domination of the Greek world. The

people of Athens felt secure behind their walls and

in the first winter of the war held a public funeral

to honor those who had died in battle. On the day

of the ceremony, the citizens of Athens joined in a

procession, with the relatives of the dead wailing

48

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