Western Civilization

Detailed Contents

DOCUMENTS XIV

MAPS XVII

FEATURES XIX

PREFACE XX

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVI

INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN

CIVILIZATION XXX

STUDYING FROM PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS XXXI

1

The Ancient Near East: The First

Civilizations 1

The First Humans 2

The Emergence ofHomo sapiens 2

The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age 3

The Neolithic Revolution (ca. 10,000–4000B.C.E.) 4

The Emergence of Civilization 6

Civilization in Mesopotamia 7

The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia 7

Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia 9

The Culture of Mesopotamia 12

Egyptian Civilization: ‘‘The Gift of the Nile’’ 14

The Impact of Geography 14

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS

THEGREATFLOOD:TWOVERSIONS 15

The Old and Middle Kingdoms 16

Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt 18

The Culture of Egypt 18

Disorder and a New Order: The New Kingdom 20

Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Family and Marriage 21

IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE

THEEGYPTIANDIET 22

Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 24

2

The Ancient Near East: Peoples

and Empires 27

On the Fringes of Civilization 28

The Impact of the Indo-Europeans 28

The Hebrews: ‘‘The Children of Israel’’ 30

Was There a United Kingdom of Israel? 30

The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah 30

The Spiritual Dimensions of Israel 32

The Neighbors of the Israelites 34

The Assyrian Empire 36

Organization of the Empire 37

The Assyrian Military Machine 37

Assyrian Society and Culture 38

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS

THEGOVERNING OFEMPIRES:TWOAPPROACHES 39

The Persian Empire 40

Cyrus the Great (559–530B.C.E.) 40

Expanding the Empire 42

Governing the Empire 42

The Great King 44

Persian Religion 44

Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 45

3

The Civilization of the

Greeks 48

Early Greece 49

Minoan Crete 49

The First Greek State: Mycenae 51

The Greeks in a Dark Age

(ca. 1100–ca. 750B.C.E.) 51

Homer and Homeric Greece 52

Homer’s Enduring Importance 52

vii

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