purity of 94.6 wt % (Fig. 3D, lower right inset,
and fig. S24).
We compared our catalytic reaction results
with those previously reported (Fig. 4 and
table S7) in terms of CO 2 conversion and STY
of methanol. With only CZA catalysts, the TR
showed only moderate CO 2 conversion (23.0%)
and methanol STY (339 mg gcat–^1 hour–^1 ). After
the incorporation of the WCM, both CO 2 con-
version and methanol STY were greatly boosted
(61.4% and 809 mg gcat–^1 hour–^1 , respectively).
Our results obtained in the MR represent the
highest values reported to date under similar
reaction conditions and are even higher than
those obtained at much higher temperatures
and pressures. It may be possible to use WCMs
for other reactions that are kinetically or ther-
modynamically restricted by water—such as
CO 2 hydrogenation to dimethyl ether ( 21 )and
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ( 22 )—by loading cor-
responding catalysts onto the outer surface of
the WCM.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Funding:Supported by Advanced Research Projects Agency–
Energy (ARPA-E), U.S. Department of Energy, award DE-
AR0000806; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) startup funds;
and National Natural Science Foundation of China grant NSFC-
21625604 (J.W.).Author contributions:M.Y. and H.L. conceived
the project; H.L. prepared and evaluated the membranes and
membrane reactors; S.R. and X.L. supplied and characterized the
catalysts; Q.D. conducted the BET test; S.Z. and S.L. drew and
discussed some figures; F.Z. performed the XRD; C.Q. and J.W.
performed the DFT calculation; M.Y. directed all aspects of the
project; and M.Y. and H.L. wrote the manuscript.Competing
interests:A U.S. provisional patent (application number 62/
795,082), with M.Y. and H.L. as co-inventors, has been filed by RPI.
Data and materials availability:All data are available in the main
text or the supplementary materials.SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6478/667/suppl/DC1
Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 to S24
Tables S1 to S7
Movie S1
References ( 60 – 75 )
2 October 2019; accepted 10 December 2019
10.1126/science.aaz6053Liet al.,Science 367 , 667–671 (2020) 7 February 2020 5of5
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