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FURTHER READINGThe best general work on ancient African ethnicity, albeit focused on the specific case of the Mauri,
is that of Yves Modéran. Elizabeth Fentress and Michael Brett offer one of the better general
introductions to “the Berbers” that is available in English. The individual studies of Ernest Gellner
are penetrating and insightful investigations into specific aspects of highland ethnic communities
(especially in Morocco), as well as into the historiography of the problems. The second chapter of
hisSaints of the Atlas(1969) offers a fine discussion of the ideas of Robert Montagne. The English
translation of a 1931 essay by Montagne,The Berbers: Their Social and Political Organization,isas
good a point of departure on these questions as any. It is accompanied by a preface by Ernest Gellner
and a critical introduction by the translator David Seddon. Finally, despite its great antiquity, the
fifth volume of Stéphane Gsell’s classicHistoire ancienne de l’Afrique du Nord,t.5:Les royaumes
indigènes. Organisation sociale, politique et économique, 2nd ed.: Paris 1929 (reprint: Osnabrück
1972) remains a resource of great value on African ethnic identities in antiquity.