NOTES
Introduction1 All dates are AD/CE.
2 A forceful case is made for the predominance of Greek in the east in the fi fth century (and
later) by Fergus Millar, A Greek Roman Empire. Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–50)
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), but Latin continued to be used in some
offi cial contexts, and still had a lively existence in intellectual circles in Constantinople in
the sixth century (Chapter 5).
3 For this see Peter Heather and John Matthews, The Goths in the Fourth Century, Translated
Texts for Historians 11 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1991).
4 James O’Donnell, The Ruin of the Roman Empire (London: Profi le, 2009), argues that Theo-
doric and the Ostrogoths, rather than the empire run from Constantinople, were the true
heirs to Roman values. See generally Paul Fouracre, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History
I, c. 500–c. 700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Peter Brown, The Rise of
Western Christendom. Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003)
is a wide-ranging and often thought-provoking treatment of these transitions.
5 This is the approach of G.W. Bowersock, Peter Brown and Oleg Grabar, eds., Late Antiq-
uity. A Guide to the Postclassical World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999); see
Averil Cameron, ‘The “long” late antiquity. A late-twentieth century model?’, in T.P. Wise-
man, ed., Classics in Progress, British Academy Centenary volume (Oxford, 2002), 165–91,
and several of the articles in Journal of Late Antiquity 1.1 (2008).
6 See Bryan Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford: Oxford Uni-
versity Press, 2005); Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire (London: Macmillan, 2005);
Empires and Barbarians. Migration, Development and the Birth of Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan,
2009).
7 See also his The Inheritance of Rome. A History of Europe from 400 to 1000 (London: Allen Lane,
2009).
8 Heather, Empires and Barbarians, xvii; he casts his subject as ‘the astounding transformation
of barbarian Europe’ (p. 9). The ‘birth of Europe’ is indeed another current issue.
9 See W.V. Harris, ed., Rethinking the Mediterranean (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005),
and below, Conclusion.
10 M.I. Rostovzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 2nd ed. revised by P.M.
Fraser (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957). Rostovzeff spent the rest of his academic
life in the United States, at the universities of Madison, Wisconsin, and Yale.
11 On Jones’s Later Roman Empire see David Gwynn, ed., A.H.M. Jones and the Later Roman
Empire (Leiden: Brill, 2008); for discussion of Jones’s chapter in The Later Roman Empire
weighing up various explanations for the fall of the Roman empire, see Averil Cameron,
‘A.H.M. Jones and the end of the ancient world’, ibid., 231–50.
12 This has come in particular from Italian scholars; see A. Giardina, ‘Esplosione di tardoan-
tico’, Studi storici 40 (1999), 157–80.