the speech to 398 and Synesius’ departure to 400 and supposing that the surviving speech
is not the one actually delivered before Arcadius (93); cf. Mitchell, History of the Later Roman
Empire, 95–6.
14 Zos., New Hist., 2.32; the classic discussion is by J. Durliat, De la ville antique à la ville byzantine:
le problème des subsistances (Rome: École française de Rome, 1990).
15 Just how elaborate were the installations that provided the city’s water supply is now clear:
James Crow, Jonathan Bardill and Richard Bayliss, The Water Supply of Byzantine Constantino-
ple (London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 2008).
16 The most straightforward introduction to the late Roman administrative system remains
that of Jones, Later Roman Empire chaps. 13 and 16; the levers of power are discussed in
Christopher Kelly, Ruling the Later Roman Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 2004).
17 See Alan Cameron, Claudian (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970).
18 Peter Heather, Goths and Romans, 332–489 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 193–224;
Liebeschuetz, Barbarians and Bishops, 55–85; H. Wolfram, History of the Goths (Berkeley: Uni-
versity of California Press, 1988), 150–61; id., The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); see also Michael Kulikowski, Rome’s Gothic
Wars from the Third Century to Alaric (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Knowl-
edge of these complicated events depends a good deal on the tendentious Latin poems of
Claudian and the highly political, but allegorical and obscure De Regno by Synesius in Greek
(summary: Cameron and Long, 103–106), both very diffi cult sources to use.
19 Zos. New History, V.37–51; VI. 6–13; Olympiodorus, frs 7, 11; Soz., HE IX.8.9.
20 Augustine’s meditations on this theme are contained in his great work, the City of God,
fi nished only some years later; Orosius’ History against the Pagans answered the same ques-
tions in far simpler terms and was to become a textbook for the medieval west. See above
all Peter Brown, Augustine of Hippo, new ed. with an epilogue (London: Faber, 2000). Note
that at this period, and in this book, the terms ‘orthodox’ and ‘catholic’ mean roughly the
same, i.e., ‘not heretic’; though the term ‘catholic’ is more usually applied to the west it is
not of course yet used in the sense of ‘Roman Catholic’, nor is ‘orthodox’ to be understood
as having the same connotations as ‘Eastern Orthodox’ would today.
21 Now see Fergus Millar, A Greek Roman Empire. Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
22 See Kenneth G. Holum, Theodosian Empresses. Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiq-
uity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982); Alan Cameron, ‘The empress and the
poet’, Yale Classical Studies 27 (1981), 272ff.; E.D. Hunt, Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later
Roman Empire AD 312–460 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 220–48.
23 Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, 7–13; on the Code, see John F. Matthews, Laying Down
the Law. A Study of the Theodosian Code (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), with Jill
Harries and Ian Wood, eds., The Theodosian Code. Studies in the Imperial Law of Late Antiquity
(London: Duckworth, 1993), and Jill Harries, Law and Empire in Late Antiquity (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1999), 59–69 (also on the importance of acclamation and pub-
lic acceptance, on which see below).
24 See Liebeschuetz, Barbarians and Bishops, part III; on the complex sources, see 199–202;
also id., ‘Friends and enemies of John Chrysostom’, in A. Moffatt (ed.), Maistor (Canberra;
Australian Association for Byzantine Studies,1984), 85–111; J.N.D. Kelly, Golden Mouth. The
Story of John Chrysostom, Ascetic, Preacher, Bishop (London: Duckworth, 1995); translated texts:
Wendy Mayer and Pauline Allen, John Chrysostom (London: Routledge, 2000); Elizabeth A.
Clark, Jerome, Chrysostom and Friends (Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1979).
25 Alexandria in late antiquity was a vibrant and important city: C. Haas, Alexandria in Late
Antiquity: Topography and Social Confl ict (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997);
Edward Watts, City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 2006); id., Riot in Alexandria. Tradition and Group Dynamics in Late Antique
Pagan and Christian Communities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).
26 For the building, which also seems to have housed a library, see J.S. McKenzie, S. Gibson
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1