the early middle ages’, in D. Baker, ed., The Orthodox Churches and the West (Oxford: Black-
well, 1976), 97–118.
39 See on this Michael Whitby and Mary Whitby, Chronicon Paschale, 284–628 AD (Liverpool:
Liverpool University Press, 1989), 113–14. Acclamations: C.M. Roueché, ‘Acclamations in
the later Roman empire: new evidence from Aphrodisias’, Journal of Roman Studies 74 (1984),
181–99.
40 Chron. Pasch., trans. Whitby and Whitby, 121.
41 Blues and Greens: Alan Cameron, Porphyrius the Charioteer (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973);
id., Circus Factions. Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976);
C.M. Roueché, Performers and Partisans at Aphrodisias in the Roman and Late Roman Periods
(London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 1992); for the factions in the early
seventh century see Chapter 9 below.
42 Christopher Kelly, Attila the Hun. Barbarian Terror and the Fall of the Roman Empire (London:
Vintage, 2009), 90–8.
43 See on the Vandals, A.H. Merrills, ed., Vandals, Romans and Berbers. New Perspectives on Late
Antique North Africa (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), with bibliography. The economy of Vandal
Africa has been a major theme in recent scholarship, as also have the dealings of the Arian
Vandals, at times amounting to persecution, with their Catholic subjects, and especially
the church: see Averil Cameron, ‘Vandal and Byzantine Africa’, Cambridge Ancient His-
tory XIII, 552–58; Andy Merrills and Richard Miles, The Vandals (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,
2010); Christopher Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome. A History of Europe from 400 to 1000
(London: Allen Lane, 2009), 76–8.
44 For 476 see below, Chapter 2.
45 Galla Placidia had formerly been captured in the Visigothic sack of Rome in 410 and mar-
ried to Athaulf (414).
46 For the Huns, see Kelly, Attila the Hun, with helpful bibliographical notes; Galla Placidia:
60–61, 79–81; on east-west relations in the early fi fth century, see chaps. 6 and 7.
47 Malchus, frs 1, 3, 16, ed. R.C. Blockley, The Greek Classicising Historians of the Later Roman
Empire I–II (Liverpool: Cairns, 1981, 1985). The sources for all these events are very scat-
tered, the Greek histories of Priscus, Candidus and Malchus surviving only in fragments.
48 For Byzantine reactions to the fragmentation of the west see Walter E. Kaegi Jr., Byzantium
and the Decline of Rome (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968).
2 The empire and the barbarians1 According to Peter Heather, Empires and Barbarians. Migration, Development and the Birth of
Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2009), 22, ‘the invasion hypothesis is dead and buried’; for
migration see 12–35. Heather’s canvas in this book is broader than before, and this book
takes in Slav movements and early medieval Europe as well as late antiquity. He has modi-
fi ed his earlier position to some extent in the light of the scholarship described in the text;
nevertheless he keeps his main emphases, in particular his insistence on the instrumental-
ity of the Huns: see Michael Kulikowski, Rome’s Gothic Wars from the Third Century to Alaric
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
2 Trans. and comm. Charles C. Mierow, The Gothic History of Jordanes (Princeton, 1915). Dis-
cussion of the issues: Edward James, Europe’s Barbarians, AD 200–600 (Harlow, 2009); Guy
Halsall, Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 (London, 2003); see also W. Gof-
fart, The Narrators of Barbarian History (AD 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede and Paul
the Deacon (Princeton, 1988), with Andrew Merrills, History and Geography in Late Antiquity
(Cambridge, 2005); above, Introduction.
3 For the sceptical view, see A. Gillett, ed., On Barbarian Identity: Critical Approaches to Ethnicity
in the Early Middle Ages (Turnhout: Brepols, 2002).
4 An important stage in this process was marked by C.R. Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman
Empire. A Social and Economic Study (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994). See
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1