Greek dating from early in Justinian’s reign but based on earlier material, gives a list of east-
ern provinces and their governors, which can now be supplemented from the Prosopography
of the Later Roman Empire: see Charlotte M. Roueché, ‘The functions of the Roman governor
in Late Antiquity: some observations’ and ‘Provincial governors and their titulature in the
sixth century’, Antiquité tardive 5 (1998), 31–36, 83–89.
44 See A. Wallace-Hadrill, ed., Patronage in Ancient Society (London: Routledge, 1989), in particu-
lar Peter Garnsey and Greg Woolf, ‘Patronage of the rural poor’, at 162–6. For patronage
in late antiquity see Peter Brown, Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity. Towards a Christian
Empire (Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992).
45 Garnsey and Woolf, art. cit., 167.
46 CTh 11.24.6.
47 CJ XI.54.1, AD 468.
48 Jones, Later Roman Empire I, 468–9 (and in general on fi nance, 411–69).
49 See R.C. Blockley, ‘Subsidies and diplomacy: Rome and Persia in late antiquity’, Phoenix 39
(1985), 62–74; further, Chapter 9.
50 CJ 11.1.1; CJ 12.2.2.
51 Jones, Later Roman Empire II, 1045, ‘the basic economic weakness of the empire was that
too few producers supported too many idle mouths’. One must remember that Jones
believed that the late Roman army had doubled in size since the Principate (ibid., 1046).
52 Jones, Later Roman Empire I, 691–705; at Rome there were also free distributions of pork
and of oil, the former causing some awkward problems of supply.
53 See Peter Garnsey, ‘Grain for Rome’, in Garnsey, Hopkins and Whittaker, eds., Trade in the
Ancient Economy, 118–30; J. Durliat, De la ville antique à la ville byzantine: le problème des subsist-
ences (Rome: École française de Rome, 1990); B. Sirks, Food for Rome. The Legal Structure of
the Transportation and Processing of Supplies for the Imperial Distributions in Rome and Constantinople
(Amsterdam: Gieben, 1991).
54 See Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages, 710–15.
55 Wickham, 716–18, also discussing the relationship between commercial exchange and the
‘fi scal movement of goods’.
56 For all this section see Ward-Perkins, Cambridge Ancient History XIV, 377–81.
57 See Jones, Later Roman Empire I, 438–48; for the money supply, especially in the east, see C.
Morrisson and J.P. Sodini, ‘The sixth-century economy’ in Angeliki E. Laiou, ed., The Eco-
nomic History of Byzantium, From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, 3 vols. (Washington,
DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002), I, 171–219, at 212–19; a good short survey of both economy
and money in the sixth-century east can also be found in Angeliki E. Laiou and Cécile Mor-
risson, The Byzantine Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 22–38, cf.
38–42 on the theory of a downturn after c. 550.
58 An overall discussion can be found in Liebeschuetz, Decline and Fall of the Roman City, and
see Chapter 7 below.
59 See Chris Wickham, ‘Marx, Sherlock Holmes and late Roman commerce’, Journal of Roman
Studies 78 (1988), 190–3, who provides a good introduction to the fundamental Italian work
by A. Carandini and others, especially C. Panella, ‘Le merci: produzioni, itinerari e destini’,
in A. Giardina, ed., Società romana e impero tardoantico III (Bari: Laterza, 1986), 431–59; see
also Carandini, ibid., 3–19, for a more theoretical exposition; and C. Panella, ‘Gli scambi
nel Mediterraneo Occidentale dal IV al VII secolo dal punto di vista di alcune “merci’, in
Hommes et richesses dans l’ empire byzantin (Paris: Lethielleux, 1989) I, 129–41. See John Hayes,
Late Roman Pottery (London: British School at Rome, 1972; Supplement, 1980); S. Kingsley
and M. Decker, eds., Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity
(Oxford: Oxbow, 2001); Sean A. Kingsley, Shipwreck Archaeology of the Holy Land. Processes and
Parameters (London: Duckworth, 2004).
60 For the prosperity of North Africa in the pre-Vandal period and for the increasing scale
of senatorial holdings there, see C. Lepelley, Les cités de l’Afrique romaine au Bas-Empire, I–II
(Paris: Études augustiniennes, 1979–81); id., ‘Peuplement et richesses de l’Afrique romaine
tardive’, in Morrisson and Lefort, eds, Hommes et richesses dans l’empire byzantin I, 17–30. The
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4