30 Proc., Wars II.7; further Chapter 8 below.
31 G. Downey, A History of Antioch in Syria. From Seluecus to the Arab Conquest (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1961), 533–46; Greatrex and Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier II,
104–6.
32 Proc., Wars II.22–3.
33 Justinian, Edict IX.3; there was also an immediate rise in prices (Nov. 122, AD 544).
34 Recent bibliography: Lester K. Little, ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity. The Pandemic of 541–
750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Dionysios Ch. Stathakapoulos, Famine
and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire. A Systematic Survey of Subsistence
Crises and Epidemics (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004). Mischa Meier, Das andere Zeitalter Justinians.
Kontingenzerfahrung und Kontingengenzbewältigung im 6. Jahr. n. Chr. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck
& Ruprecht, 2003), lays heavy stress of this and other contingent events in explaining sixth-
century history.
35 Peregrine Horden, ‘The Mediterranean plague in the age of Justinian’, in Philip Rousseau,
ed., A Companion to Late Antiquity (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 134–60, an energetic
and sceptical treatment by a historian of Byzantine medicine.
36 Wars II.24.f.
37 Peace terms and status of Christians: Greatrex and Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier II, 131–
34; see Sebastian Brock, ‘Christians in the Sasanid empire: a case of divided loyalties’, Studies
in Church History 18 (1982), 1–19, reprinted in id., Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London:
Variorum, 1984), VI; below, Chapter 8.
38 For the numbers and the military diffi culties during the Gothic wars, see E.A. Thomp-
son, ‘The Byzantine conquest of Italy: military problems’, in id., Romans and Barbarians.
The Decline of the Western Empire (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press: 1982), 77–91;
brief overall discussion: A.D. Lee, ‘The empire at war’, in Maas, ed., Companion to the Age of
Justinian, 113–33.
39 Proc., Wars VII.38.
40 See Cameron, Procopius, 195–7.
41 Agathias’ Histories, trans. J. Frendo (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1975); Averil Cameron, Agathias
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970); W. Treadgold, The Early Byzantine Historians (Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 279–90; Procopius: Cameron, Procopius, 54–5, 189–90. Proco-
pius’ disillusionment shows clearly in Wars VII–VIII.
42 S.T. Stevens, A.V. Kalinowski and H. van der Leest, Bir Ftouha. A Pilgrimage Complex at
Carthage, Journal of Roman Archaeology supplement 59 (Providence, RI: Journal of Roman
Archaeology, 2005).
43 Chapter 3 above; the materials from the council are translated by Richard M. Price, The
Acts of Constantinople 553, with related texts from the Three Chapters Controversy, translated with an
introduction and notes, Translated Texts for Historians 51, 2 vols. (Liverpool: Liverpool
University Press, 2009).
44 Celia Chazelle and Catherine Cubitt, eds., The Crisis of the Oikoumene: the Three Chapters and the
Failed Quest for Unity in the Sixth-Century Mediterranean (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007); Theodore
of Mopsuestia died in 428, before Ephesus I, but like the other two theologians his work
was controversial in the fi fth century (Chapter 1).
45 His discussions with the ‘Syrian orthodox’ in Constantinople in 532 had collapsed in the
context of the Nika revolt of 532 and a synod called in 536 represented a swing back to
Chalcedonians, as a result of which Severus of Antioch was anathematized and his books
ordered to be burned. Another issue that arose, especially after 536, involved the teachings
of the third-century writer Origen, which were especially divisive among the Chalcedo-
nian monasteries of Palestine represented by S. Sabas, and Origen was condemned posthu-
mously in 553. For all these complex events, and the theological policy of Justinian’s reign,
see A. Grillmeier, with Theresia Hainthaler, Christ in the Christian Tradition 2.2. The Church of
Constantinople in the Sixth Century, Eng. trans. (London: Mowbray, 1995), 317–473.
46 For a strongly anti-eastern view see James J. O’Donnell, The Ruin of the Roman Empire (Lon-
don: Profi le, 2009); for the attitudes of the Roman population in Italy see Thompson, ‘The
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5