58 See J.-M. Spieser, ‘L’évolution de la ville byzantine de l’époque paléo-chrétienne à
l’iconoclasme’, in Hommes et richesses I, 97–106, esp. 102–6.
59 See A. Laniado, Recherches sur les notables municipaux dans l’Empire protobyzantin (Paris: Centre
d’histoire et de civilisation de Byzance, 2002); in the sixth century, Justinian was still legis-
lating to try to maintain the membership of city councils; but see above, Chapter 4, on the
debate.
60 Discussion in Jones, Later Roman Empire II, 757–63; Liebeschuetz, Decline and Fall of the
Roman City, chap. 3, 104–36, ‘Post-curial civic government’; variety of terms used: ibid.,
112–13.
61 As emphasized by Whittow, ‘Nicopolis ad Istrum’, 380–5, who writes of their having built
up ‘portfolios of assets’, and thus ‘adapted and survived’; some, such as the Apiones so well
known from Egyptian papyri, did much better than that, and for these great landowners
see J. Banaji, Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity: Gold, Labour and Aristocratic Dominance, rev. ed.
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); P. Sarris, Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, 2006).
62 See M.C. Mundell Mango, Silver from Early Byzantium. The Kaper Koraon and Related Treasures
(Baltimore: Walters Art Gallery, 1986), 3–6, 11–15.
63 See J.P.C. Kent and K.S. Painter, Wealth of the Roman World, AD 300–700 (London: British
Museum Publications, 1977); cf. David Buckton, ed., Byzantium. Treasures of Byzantine Art
and Culture from British Collections (London: British Museum Press, 1994), 30–69.
64 Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Asceticism and Society in Crisis: John of Ephesus and the ‘Lives of the East-
ern Saints’ (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); more emphasis on the social and
economic details in the work in Frank R. Trombley, ‘Religious transition in sixth-century
Syria’, Byzantinische Forschungen 20 (1994), 153–94, at 154–67, 194.
65 For urban violence and its social and economic causes in the general context of late antique
urbanism, see Patlagean, Pauvreté économique et pauvreté sociale, 203–31; in the context of late
antique cities in the east, Liebeschuetz, Decline and Fall of the Roman City, chap. 8, ‘Con-
fl ict and Disorder in the East’, 249–83; Whitby, ‘Factions, bishops, violence and urban
decline’.
66 Ibid., 216–17.
67 Peter M. Bell, Thee Political Voices from the Age of Justinian – Agapetus, Advice to the Emperor,
Dialogue on Political Science, Paul the Silentiary, Description of Hagia Sophia (Liverpool: Liverpool
University Press, 2009); see Peter Bell, Social Confl ict in the Age of Justinian (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2011).
68 Alan Cameron, Circus Factions. Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1976).
69 Liebeschuetz, Decline and Fall of the Roman City, 277.
70 Liebeschuetz, Decline and Fall of the Roman City, 269–72; for some reservations see Whitby,
‘Factions, bishops, violence and urban decline’; John of Nikiu: below Chapter 9.
71 Liebeschuetz, Decline and Fall of the Roman City, 256; for the factions, see ibid., 255–76;
Whitby, ‘Factions, bishops, violence and urban decline’, 445–6.
72 A wealth of epigraphic and other evidence is cited in Roueché, Performers and Partisans at
Aphrodisias.
73 Or. XIII; for an identifi cation of the Brytae, the Edessene festival and the Maiuma, a night
festival also involving water and lewd dancing, which had been previously banned for simi-
lar reasons and then revived, see Geoffrey Greatrex and John W. Watt, ‘One, two or three
feasts? The Brytae, the Maiuma and the May festival at Edessa’, Oriens Christianus 83 (1999),
1–21.
74 Cameron, Circus Factions, 237ff., citing Liebeschuetz, Antioch, 210f.
75 Alan Cameron, Porphyrius the Charioteer (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973) discusses the evi-
dence and provides an ingenious reconstruction of the monuments; for factional violence
see 232–3.
76 Ibid., 214–22.
77 Nearly all are known only from later literary sources: Sarah Bassett, The Urban Image of Late
NOTES TO CHAPTER 7