Greatrex, ‘Byzantium and the east in the sixth century’, in Maas, ed., Companion to the Age of
Justinian, 477–509.
69 Fergus Millar, ‘Empire, community and culture’, 143–64 at 145f.
70 For translated texts and detailed discussion, see Greatrex and Lieu, The Roman Eastern Fron-
tier, II; see also Beate Dignas and Engelbert Winter, Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity. Neigh-
bours and Rivals (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
71 The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite, trans. with notes and introduction by Frank R. Tromb-
ley and John W. Watt, Translated Texts for Historians 32 (Liverpool: Liverpool University
Press, 2000).
72 Ibid., 54, pp. 63–4.
73 Malalas, Chron. 405; Greatrex and Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier II, 103.
74 Ps. Josh. Styl., 90, with Trombley and Watts, 109–10; on the remains at Dara, see Michael
Whitby, ‘Procopius’ description of Dara (Buildings II.1–3)’, in Freeman and Kennedy, eds.,
The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East I, 737–83.
75 Ps. Josh. Styl., 78, p. 95, with notes.
76 Greatrex, ‘Byzantium and the east in the sixth century’, 500, 503.
77 Theophylact, Hist. V. 1.14–15, trans. Michael and Mary Whitby; see Michael Whitby, The
Emperor Maurice and his Historian. Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1988), 292–304.
78 Proc., Wars I.11.23–50.
79 Greatrex, ‘Byzantium and the east in the sixth century’, 491, 493 f., 496–98; Tzath: Malalas,
Chron. 340–1; Greatrex and Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier II, 79–80.
80 Ibid., 115; Proc. Secret History 2.29–31.
81 Proc., Wars II.28.18–24.
9 A changed world1 See James Howard-Johnston, ‘The siege of Constantinople in 626’, in C. Mango and G.
Dagron, eds., Constantinople and its Hinterland (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), 131–42; Chron.
Pasch., s.a. 626, trans. Whitby and Whitby, pp. 169–81.
2 Little survives from Constantinople itself, but for the early Roman icons, see M. Vassilaki,
ed., Mother of God. Representations of the Virgin in Byzantine Art (Milan: Skira, 2000), with ead.,
ed., Images of the Mother of God. Perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium (Aldershot: Ashgate,
2004); for the Virgin and Constantinople see Bissera V. Pentcheva, Icons and Power. The
Mother of God in Byzantium (University Park, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).
3 For the reign of Heraclius, see Walter E. Kaegi, Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium (Cambridge
University Press, 2003); Gerrit J. Reinink and Bernard H. Stolte, eds., The Reign of Heraclius.
Crisis and Confrontation 9610–641 (Leuven: Peeters, 2002).
4 See Robert Schick, The Christian Communities of Palestine from Byzantine to Islamic Rule. A His-
torical and Archaeological Study (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1995), 33–48.
5 The argument for a ‘new world order’ is forcefully put by James Howard-Johnston, Wit-
nesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2010), especially 510–16.
6 Menander Protector: R.C. Blockley, The History of Menander the Guardsman (Liverpool: F.
Cairns, 1985); Theophylact: see Michael and Mary Whitby, The History of Theophylact Simocatta,
trans. with introduction and notes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986); Michael Whitby, The
Emperor Maurice and his Historian. Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare (Oxford;
Clarendon Press, 1988).
7 Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis, subjects these sources to a very detailed treat-
ment, and many extracts are set out in Geoffrey Greatrex and Samuel N.C. Lieu, The Roman
Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part II, AD 363–630 (London: Routledge, 2002), chaps.
10–16; see also Beate Dignas and Engelbert Winter, Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity. Neigh-
bours and Rivals (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). For ps. Sebeos, see R.W.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8