references37 Ibid., pp. 31–3.
38 Ibid., p. 60.
39 Ibid., pp. 61–3.
40 Ibid., p. 105.
41 Quoted in Vartan Gregorian, The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics
of Reform and Modernization, 1880–1946 (Stanford, ca, 1969), p. 112.
42 Balfour, History of Lord Lytton, p. 154.
43 See ibid., pp. 136–54, for Lytton’s memorandum on Afghanistan and
quotations from it.
44 Ibid., p. 147.
45 Ibid., pp. 152–3.
46 Dwight E. Lee, ‘A Turkish Mission to Afghanistan, 1877’, Journal of Modern
History, xiii/3 (1941), pp. 335–56; S. Tanvir Wasti, ‘The 1877 Ottoman
Mission to Afghanistan’, Middle Eastern Studies, xxx/4 (1994), pp. 956–62.
47 Gregorian, Emergence of Modern Afghanistan, p. 113.
48 Charles Marvin, trans., Colonel Grodekoff ’s Ride from Samarcand to Herat
(London, 1880).
49 Balfour, History of Lord Lytton, p. 265.
50 Ibid., pp. 292–4.
51 Katib, Sarāj al-Tawārīkh, vol. ii, p. 342.
52 Punch, 30 November 1878; The Times, 21 November 1878.
53 For example, Muhammad Hassan Kakar, A Political and Diplomatic History
of Afghanistan, 1863–1901 (Leiden, 2006), pp. 15–20.
8 ‘Reducing the Disorderly People’, 1879–19011 ‘Accessories to a crime’, in B. Robson, ed., Roberts in India: The Military
Papers of Field Marshal Lord Roberts, 1876–1893 (Stroud, Glos., and Dover,
nh, 1993), p. 120.
2 Lady Betty Balfour, The History of Lord Lytton’s Indian Administration, 1876
to 1880: Compiled from Letters and Official Papers (London, New York and
Bombay, 1899), pp. 330–34.
3 William Trousdale, ed., War in Afghanistan, 1879–80: The Personal Diary
of Major General Sir Charles Metcalfe MacGregor (Detroit, mi, 1985), p. 104.
For views of the British Residency, see C. W. Woodburn, The Bala Hissar
of Kabul: Revealing a Fortress-palace in Afghanistan (Chatham, 2009),
figs 35–41, pp. 28–30.
4 Balfour, History of Lord Lytton, pp. 344, 348.
5 Ibid., p. 349.
6 Faiz Muhammad Katib, Serāj al-Tawārīkh (Kabul, 1331–3 s./1913–15), vol. ii,
p. 351.
7 Balfour, History of Lord Lytton, p. 354.
8 Afghan and Indian accounts on the Residency siege include those by ‘Ali
Hasan Jawanshir, Sardar Kajir Khan, a son of Payinda Khan, and ‘Timoos’,
one of the few Guides to survive the massacre; for sources, see Jonathan
L. Lee, The ‘Ancient Supremacy’: Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for
Balkh, 1732–1901 (Leiden, Cologne and New York, 1996), p. 385, n. 114. For