268 BIBLIOGRAPHIES
commemorating the l400th anniversary of the Third Council of Toledo (see section
B4(b) below). The article by J.N. Hillgarth is also to be found, together with three
others on cultural relations between Visigothic Spain and Ireland and a survey of the
historiographical output of the Visigothic kingdom in his collection of articles entitled
Visigothic Spain, Byzantium and the Irish (London, 1985). P.D. King, 'King Chindasvind
and the first Territorial Law-Code of the Visigothic Kingdom' in V.S., pp. 131-57 argues
that Reccesuinth's code of 654 was preceded by a now lost one promulgated by
his father. The same author's Law and Society in the Visigothic Kingdom (Cambridge,
1972) offers a major assessment of the contents of the extant code known as the Forum
Iudicum or Lex Visigothorum, and has a particularly good chapter on the family. On this
body of Visigothic law see also F.S. Lear, 'The Public Law of the Visigothic Code',
Speculum,26 (1951), pp. 1-24 and the same author's Treason in Roman and Germanic Law
(Austin, Texas, 1965), chs 4-6. On the later stages of the Visigothic kingdom there are
a number of articles that take bishop Julian of Toledo (680-90) as their focus. See in
particular F.X. Murphy, 'Julian of Toledo and the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom in
Spain', Speculum, 27 (1952), pp. 1-21 and R. Collins, Julian of Toledo and the Educa-
tion of Kings' in the same author's Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain
(A1dershot, 1992). This is a substantial revision of the earlier Julian of Toledo and the
royal succession' in P.H. Sawyer and I.N. Wood (eds), Early Medieval Kingship (Leeds,
1977), pp. 30-49.(c) The Umayyad State
For the events of the eighth century and an introduction to the problems of the source
materials see R. Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710-797 (Oxford, 1989). best con-
sulted in the revised edition (Oxford, 1994). The principal contemporary Latin source
for the first half of the century, the Chronicle of 754 is translated in K.B. Wolf, Conquerors
and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain (see A2(b) above). A selection from the Arab
sources can be found in C. Melville and A. Ubaydli (eds/trs). Christians and Moors in
Spain vol. 3 (Warminster, 1992). Only a few of the Arabic texts are available in complete
translation or in longer excerpts. These are all fairly elderly. They include J.H. Jones
(tr.). Ibn Abd al-Hakem: History of the Conquest of Spain (Gottingen, 1858) and much of
the work of A1-Maqqari in a rearranged format in P. de Gayangos (tr.), The History of the
Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain (2 vols, London, 1840-43); selections from other works
are included in the appendices to these volumes. For a survey of Arab historical writing
see D.M. Dunlop, Arab civilization to AD 1500 (London and Beirut, 1971), chs 3 and 5,
and for an account of the early development of Islamic historiography the best intro-
duction is A.A. Duri, The Rise of Historical Writing Among the Arabs (Princeton, 1983).
Entries on many individuals and topics, not least 'history' (Tarikh), can be found in the
volumes of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed., 4 vols, Leiden 1913-42; now being replaced
by the continuing publication since 1960 of a totally revised 2nd edition).
For the career of MuQ.ammad and the early spread of Islam there exists a substantial
literature in English. Most scholars of this period are now to be found in one of two
camps: those who accept much that is contained in the Arabic accounts more or less at
face value, and those who reject much of the early Islamic tradition and seek to offer
a radically revised view of most of these developments. Amongst the former should be
included W.M. Watt, whose Mu!lammad at Mecca (Oxford, 1953) and Mu!lammad at
Medina (Oxford, 1955) offer the most substantial accounts of the career of the prophet.
The most extreme example of the opposite tendency is P. Crone and M. Cook, Hagarism,
the Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge, 1977). A shorter and more balanced assessment
is that of M. Cook, Mu!lammad (Oxford, 1983). Other challenging revisionist theses will
be found in P. Crone, Slaves on Horses (Cambridge, 1980), whose arguments are vital to
the understanding of the conflicts in the Near East in the 740s, which had important
consequences for Spain, and M. Cook, Early Muslim Dogma (Cambridge, 1981). On