272 BIBLIOGRAPHIES
provide both up-to-date surveys and specialised descriptions of a large number of key
works of art from the early Islamic periods. They are by far the best introduction to this
area: J.D. Dodds (ed.), Al-Andalus; the Art of Islamic Spain (New York, 1992), and J.P.
O'Neill (ed.), The Art of Medieval Spain, AD 500-1200 (New York, 1993); the latter also
includes a short but useful section on the Visigothic period. For the architecture of
Islamic Spain, which is extensively treated in the first of these catalogues see also M.
Barrucand and A. Bednorz, Moorish Architecture in Andalusia (Cologne, 1992).J. Beckwith,
Caskets from COrdoba (London, 1960) provides an illustrated study of the late tenth
century ivory caskets produced as luxury gifts for members of the Umayyad house and
others. On the Christian population under Arab rule, E.P. Colbert, The Martyrs of COrdoba
(Washington, 1962) remains a valuable study of the sources. N. Daniel, The Arabs and
Medieval Europe (London and Beirut, 1975), ch. 2, is less than sympathetic to the martyr
movement in mid ninth century Cordoba. On its principal apologist, Eulogius, there is
now a good short study in K.B. Wolf, Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain (Cambridge, 1988).
On Eulogius's biographer Alvar recourse still has to be made to C.M. Sage, Paul Albar
of COrdoba (Washington, 1943). For an aspect of the literary activity of this group of men
see R. Collins, 'Poetry in Ninth Century Spain', Papers of the Liverpool Latin Seminar, 4
(1983), pp. 181-95, reprinted in his Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain.
The whole episode is very revealingly set in a wider 'international' context inJ.L. Nelson,
'The Franks, the Martyrology of Usuard and the Martyrs of Cordoba', Studies in Church
History, 30 (1993), pp. 67-80.(d) The Christian Realms
There is an excellent account of the origins and development of the Adoptionist con-
troversy in J.C. Cavadini, The Last Christology of the West: Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul,
785-820 (Philadelphia, 1993). See also, from the Frankish perspective, D. Bullough,
'Alcuin and the Kingdom of Heaven', in U.-R. Blumenthal (ed.), Carolingian Essays
(Washington, 1983), pp. 1-69. On the question of language in this period see the
stimulating work of R.P. Wright, Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian
France (Liverpool, 1982).
For the art and architecture of the Asturian kingdom and of the counties of Catalo-
nia, see the relevant sections of the Metropolitan Museum catalogue The Art of Medieval
Spain (A4(c». There is also a good general account, but now in need of some revision,
in P. de Palol and M. Hirmer, Early Medieval Art in Spain (London, 1960). The illustra-
tions remain among the best available. Some of the problems of interpreting the royal
churches of the Asturias are analysed in R. Collins, 'Doubts and certainties on the
churches of early medieval Spain', in D. Lomax and D. Mackenzie (eds), God and Man
in Medieval Spain (Warminster, 1989), pp. 1-18. Aspects of the literary culture of the
tenth century Leonese kingdom are touched on in R. Collins, 'Poetry in Ninth Century
Spain' (A4(c».B. WORKS IN OTHER LANGUAGESI. GENERALThere exist a number of multi-volume series concerned with the history of Spain. Of
these the most massive, and also the oldest, the Historia de Espalia that was initiated and
edited by R. Menendez Pidal, is in the process of rejuvenating itself. Completely new
editions of volumes II and III, dealing with Roman and Visigothic Spain respectively,
have been published in the last decade. Volumes IV and V continue to represent Span-
ish translations of E. Levi-Proven~al's Histoire de l'Espagne musulmanne, first published in
1950/1 (B2(c». Volume VI isJ. Perez de Urbel and R. del Arce, Espalia cristiana, 711-