R.H. Charles (tr.), ChroniciR of John (c. 690 AD) Coptic Bishop ofNikiu (London, 1916);
F. Mader (tr.), Histoire d'Heraclius par [,roeque Sebeos (Paris, 1904).
The principal Arabic source for the life of Muhammad, the Simt Rasul Allah of Ibn
Ishaq (d. 768), surviving in the early ninth-century revision by Ibn Hisham (d. 833), is
translated in A. Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad (Lahore, 1955).
W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford, 1953) pp. 1-29; P. Crone,
Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (Oxford, 1987) argues against this economic analysis.
Cf. P. Crone and M. Cook, Hagarism, p. 5 for a possible interpretation of this; on
the conquest, see F.M. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton, 1981).
M. Brett, 'The Arab conquest and the rise of Islam in North Africa', in J.D. Fage
(ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. II (Cambridge, 1978) pp. 490-555.
W.E. Kaegi, B)'zantium and the early Islamic conquests (Cambridge, 1992) ch. 10.
B. Lewis, Race and Slavery in the MiddiR East (Oxford, 1990) pp. 37-42.
M.A. Shaban, The 'Abbasid Revolt (Cambridge, 1970); H. Kennedy, The Prophet and
the Age of the Caliphates (London, 1986) pp. 112-32.
Brett, 'Arab conquest and the rise of Islam in North Africa' (A2(c», pp. 544-
Ibn Khaldun, Histoire des Berberes, tr. M. de Slane (new ed. Paris, 1978), vol. I, p.
182 for the location of the Nafza; Ibn Idbari, Al-Bayan al-Maghlib, tr. Fagnan (B2(c»,
p. 8 for Tariq as a member of this tribe.
Ibn Abd al-Hakam, tr. Jones (A2(c) ). p. 18.
See the Bibliography (B2(c) ) for the texts and translations of the surviving sec-
tions of his work. Another early part of it was used by U'vi-Proven~al but was not edited
and has now been lost.
C. Sanchez-Albornoz, El 'Ajbar Machmua' y los questiones que susatli (Buenos Aires,
for the early date.
J. Ribera (ed. and tr.). Hisoria de la conquista de Espmla de Abenalcotia el Cordobfs
(Madrid, 1926).
For a good example see the three versions of the narrative ofIbn Hazm (d. 1064)
of the battle of San Vicente in 981: Ibn Hazm, Naqt al-Arus, ed. and tr. C.F. Seybold and
L. Seco de Lucena (Valencia, 1974) pp. 39-45.
I. Goldziher, 'On the Development of the Hadith', in his Muslim Studies, vol. 2,
tr. S.M. Stern (London, 1971) pp. 13-254.
D.M. Dunlop, Arab Civilisation to AD 1500 (London and Beirut, 1971) pp. 73-
A.A. Duri, The Rise of Historical Writing among the Arabs (A2(c».
Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, pp. 18-25; Ajbar Machmua, ed. Lafuente, pp. 15-42; Ibn al-
QUtiya; Al-Maqqari, tr. Gayangos, vol. I, pp. 250-97; Ibn al-Athir; Fath al-Andalus (B2(c».
E.g. Al-Maqqari's figure of 100,000 men for Roderic's army, and Ibn 'Abd al-
Hakam's 1,700 for that of Tariq: tr. Gayangos (A2(c) ) vol. I, p. 273 and tr.Jones (A2(c) ),
p. 18 respectively.
R. Brunschvig, 'Ibn Abda'lhakam et la conquete de I'Afrique du Nord par les
Arabes: etude critique', Annales de l'Institut des Etudes OrientaiRs (Algiers) vol. 6 (1942/
7), pp. 108-55.
M.A. Makki, 'Egipto y los origenes de la historiografia arabe espal10la', Revista del
Instituto egtpcio de Estudios Islamiws (Madrid), vol. 5 (1957), pp. 157-248.
On this see R. Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain (A2(c) ), pp. 26-41 and 52-63.
ChroniciR of 754,51-59, ed. Lopez Perreira (B2(c», pp. 66-79.
G. Miles, The Coins of the Visigoths of Spain (A3(b», pp. 444-5. Issues from Zaragoza
have been proved by finds at El Bovalar: P. de Palo I, El Bovalar (B3(b», p. 28.
K. Zeumer (ed.), Chronica Regum Visigo(horum. in MGH Leges, vol. I (Hanover,
p. 461 (MSS E2 and V2).
G. Miles, Coms of the Visigoths of Spain (A3(b», pp. 442-3.
