thefieldofparamilitaryyoutheducation.FranzCarlEndres,aformerBavarian
staffofficerwhohadservedintheOttomanarmyfrom1 91 0to19 15 ,afterthewar
regardedmilitarismasthe“stateofmindofthenon-military.”⁵Thebestexample
ofthisdefinitionistheOttomangymnasticsinstructorSelimSırrı,aformerofficer
andtherighthandofHeinrichvonHoffin1 91 6/ 17 .HewasalsotheTurkishpioneer
ofparamilitaryeducationofyouthafter 19 18.
InthefocusofthesecondpartofthischapteraretheproceedingsbyGerman
andTurkishmilitaryandcivilianauthoritiesinthefieldofastate-ledorganiza-
tionoftheyouth.TheformerGermanBundJungdeutschlandofficialCarlDiem
hadbeenthepersonal(civil)assistantofColmarvonderGoltzintheleaguebe-
forethewar.DuringhiswartimedeploymentasaLieutenantontheWestern
frontin 1916 ,hewrotethefirstproposalsforacompulsoryparamilitaryyouth
organization.Paralleltohiscivilcareerasasportsofficial,Diemcontinuedto
proposesimilarideastotheGermanarmyleadershipintheearly1 93 0s.He
waseventuallyinvitedtoTurkeyin 1933 and 1937 towritetwomemorandaon
theestablishmentofaTurkishnation-wideyouthorganization.Acomparative
viewofthelifeandearlycareerofCarlDiemandSelimSırrı[Tarcan]will
formtheintroductiontothesecondpartofthischapter.Diem’sactivitiesprovide
evidencethattheorganizationofyouth,asenvisionedbyGoltzandfurtherde-
velopedbyHoffandhisOttomanassistants,easilytransitionedfrombeing
underthecontrolofthemilitarytothatofleadingpoliticalgroupsintherespec-
tivecountriesruledbyasingle-party.However,allthosethoughtshadtheirroots
intheeducationsystemoftheGermanEmpire.
ChildrenEducationinWilhelmineGermanyandtheMilitary
Mind
Authoritarianeducationofchildrenintheearly2 0 thcenturywascommonacross
allsocialclassesoftheGermansociety.Childrenweretobeeducatedfollowing
thevirtuesthatwerealsoincorporatedinthe‘GermanSpirit’.Diligence,dutyful-
filmentandobediencewithoutcontradictionwereseenasideal,andbeating
childrenforeducativepurposeswasanormalpractice.⁶
InEndreswords:“MilitarismusistdieGeistesverfassungdesNichtmilitärs”;FranzCarlEndres,
“SoziologischeStrukturundihrentsprechendeIdeologiendesdeutschenOffizierskorpsvordem
Weltkriege,”ArchivfürSozialpolitikundSozialwissenschaft 58 (19 28 ), 28 2.
ChristaBerg,“Familie,KindheitJugend,”inHandbuchderdeutschenBildungsgeschichte
vol.4, 1870 – 1918 ,ed.ChristaBerg(Munich:C.H.Beck,1991),112;AdolfMatthias,Wieerziehen
104 3German-Ottoman/TurkishCooperationintheMobilizationofYouth