age,whenthesouloftheyouthisfermentingthemost,whenthissoulhasto
fightoutthemoststruggleswithitselfandthesurroundingworld.”³⁹
TheactivitiesoftheBJDalsocaughttheinterestofforeignexperts.The
FrenchmilitaryattachéinBerlindedicatedoneofhisreportstotheactivities
oftheBJDundertheguidanceofColmarvonderGoltz.ForMauricePellé,the
BJDwasfocusedon“l’educationphysiquedelajeunesse,sapreparationauserv-
icemilitaire,etl’educationmorale,religieuse,politique(danslesensdelalutte
contrelesocialisme).”⁴⁰PelléclaimedthattherolemodelfortheGermanswere
theFrenchbataillonsscolaires,therebyintentionallynotmentioningtheBritish
rolemodel.ButfortheFrenchattaché,theGermanwayoforganizingsuchacen-
tralized, military-led association would be “impossibled’acclimater chez
nous.”⁴¹Evidently,amilitarizedyouthassociationsuchastheBJDwasunthink-
ableintheFrenchpoliticalenvironment.Otherforeignmilitaryspectatorswere
alsoimpressedbytheGermanwayoforganizingtheyouthmovement.AnOtto-
manwitnessofaBoyScoutparadein 1911 inHamburgenthusiasticallyreported
thattheyoungboysandtheirsoldierlyappealwere“thecornerstonesoftheGer-
manarmy.”⁴²
ResistancetotheBJD
ThefiercestresistancecamefromtheGermanleft,whoseyouthwasnotallowed
toorganizealongthelinesoftheBJDaftertheImperialbanonunderagedmem-
bershipinpoliticalassociationsin1908.Therewereseveralincidentspriorto
HeinrichvonHoff,JugendwehrundZukunftsheer:EinRückblickundeinAusblick(Oldenburg:
Stalling,1915), 49.
MauricePellé,Reportno 395 “Jugendbewegung,foundationdelaLigueJung-Deutschland
(JeuneAllemagne),” 24 December 1911 ,inLaGuerreNeTarderaPas:CorrespondancedeMaurice
Pellé,AttachéMilitairedeFranceàBerlinde 1909 à1 912 ,ed.Jean-NoëlGrandhommeetal.
(Paris:ArmandColin, 2014 ), 79.
Pellé,LaGuerreNeTarderaPas,82.
“Almanordusununtemeltaşları”;A.Şükrü,“KeşşafYoldaşlığı:BoyScout,”İdman1( 15
Mayis 1329 /28May1913), 5 – 8.Cf.YaşarTolgaCora,“Asker-VatandaşlarveKahramanErkekler:
BalkanSavaşlarıveBirinciDünyaSavaşıDönemlerindeBedenTerbiyesiAracılığıylaİdealErke-
kliğinKurgulanması”[Citizen-SoldiersandHeroicMen:TheConstructionofIdealMasculinity
duringtheBalkanWarsandWorldWarI],inErkekMillet-AskerMillet:Türkiye’deMilitarism,Mil-
liyetçilik,Erkek(lik)ler,ed.NurseliYeşimSünbüloğlu(Istanbul:İletişim, 20 13),58.
112 3German-Ottoman/TurkishCooperationintheMobilizationofYouth