tary‘schools’intheOttomansetting.The 1846 conscriptionlawwithquotaper
districtwasacombinationoftheFrenchlotdrawingrecruitmentandthemodel
ofthePrussianLandwehrreserveformations.³⁶
The‘ShortGermanCenturyinOttoman/TurkishMilitary
Reform’(1880– 194 5/1960)
AlreadyaftertheSevenYears’WarthePrussianmilitarysystem,whichwasre-
ceivedlessenthusiasticallyinotherGermanprincipalities,³⁷hadcaughttheinterest
oftheOttomanambassadortoBerlin.Inadiplomaticreportfrom 1764 hehadcon-
trastedKingFrederick’sleadershipskillsandvictorieswiththeunsuccessfulOtto-
manmilitarycommandersinsubsequentcampaigns.³⁸WiththedeploymentofHel-
muthvonMoltke(theElder)totheOttomanEmpirebetween 1835 and 1839 ,the
fundamentwaslaidforfurthermissions,asMoltkehadmanagedtomakeaperma-
nentimpressionontheOttomanmilitaryleadership.³⁹FortheOttomans,Prussia
kapfelzwischenausländischenVorbildernundnationalenStereotypen,”ZeitschriftfürHistori-
scheForschung 42 – 3( 20 15), 416 – 417 ,4 20 – 42 1,andthePrussianreformsafter 1806 :Jakob
Vogel:“LernenvomFeind:DasMilitäralsTrägerdeutsch-französischenKulturtransfersim
19 .Jahrhundert,”inVomGegnerlernen:FeindschaftenundKulturtransfersimEuropades 19.
und 20 .Jahrhunderts,ed.MartinAustetal.(FrankfurtamMain:Campus, 2007 ), 95 – 113 .After
the 1871 defeat,theFrencharmyenforcedlyturnedtowardssomeelementsoftheGermanmili-
tarymodel.ButthosedeliberationsonreformdidnotadheretoatransformationoftheFrench
GeneralStaffaccordingtothePrussianmodel.TheFrenchsocio-politicalenvironmentwases-
timatedtobeincompatiblewiththeinfluentialpositionoftheGermanGeneralStaff.Cf.Allan
Mitchell,VictorsandVanquished.TheGermanInfluenceonArmyandChurchinFranceafter 1870
(ChapelHill,London:UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,1984), 44 ,84.Cf.alsothereferencesin
ColmarvonderGoltzʼwritingstoFrenchstudies;Cf.DallasD.Irvine,“TheFrenchDiscoveryof
ClausewitzandNapoleon,”AmericanMilitaryInstituteJournal4(1940), 153.
Yıldız,“OttomanMilitaryOrganization,” 1620.
EvenaGrecophilelikeWinckelmannpreferred“bettertobeacircumcisedTurkthanaPrus-
sian”(“[...]megliofarsiTurcocirconcisochePrussiano”)inlightofthePrussianrecruitmentand
disciplinarymethods;WinckelmanninalettertoL.UsterifromRome, 15 January 17 63.Johann
JoachimWinckelmann,Briefe.ed.HansDiepolderetal.vol2(Berlin:deGruyter,1954),2 83 .Cf.
CarlJustiandLudwigCurtius(eds.),WinckelmannundseineZeitgenossen,vol.2(Hildesheim:
GeorgOlms,1 98 3), 20 7.
VirginiaH.Aksan,“AnOttomanPortraitofFredericktheGreat,”inOttomansandEurope-
ans:ContactsandConflicts(Istanbul:Isis, 20 04), 74 ;VirginiaH.Aksan,“TheOttomanAbsence
fromtheBattlefieldsoftheSevenYears’War,”inTheSevenYears’War.Globalviews,ed.MarkH.
Danleyetal.(Leiden,Boston:Brill, 2012 ), 165 – 190.
JehudaL.Wallach,“ZurMoltke-LegendeinderTürkei,”inFestschriftfürEberhardKessel
zum75.Geburtstag,ed.EberhardKesseletal.(Munich:Fink,1982), 156 – 16 5.
The‘ShortGermanCenturyinOttoman/TurkishMilitaryReform’ 9