Alloftheseappropriationsintermsoforganizingthenation’syouthhaveto
beseenasameanstowesternizetheOttomanstatefollowingEuropeanmodels.
Forthistransitionalperiod,foreigninstructorswerehired.TheRepublicofTur-
keythentriedtoimplementitsowninstitutions,butoptedforforeignassistance.
Inthisprocess,theneedsandspecialconditionsofKemalistTurkeyalsoplayed
arole.Eventhoughbothmencontributedtothecreationofalaw,Heinrichvon
HoffduringwarhadnotbeenverysuccessfulwiththeestablishmentoftheOs-
manlıGençDernekleri,whereasCarlDiemhadabiggerimpactonfurtherdevel-
opments.Yettoacertaindegree,bothmenwere‘externalconsultants’.BothGer-
manspecialistswerecalledinwhenthesituationhitastalemate,eventhough
theOttomanMinistryofWarandtheTurkishRepublicanPartyhadexperiences
fromthepasttodrawon.TheGerman‘youthorganizationconsultants’added
someoftheirownideas,yetintheendtheyhadnofurtherinsightintointernal
processesandonlyconfirmedwhattheinternaldecisionmakersalreadyknew,
therebyonlygrantingacertainlegitimyforthosedecisions,resultinginthe
lawsof 1916 and 19 38.
Lookingatthepersonallevel,itisalsonoticeablethattherewerenetworks
basedonmilitaryconnectionsbetweenGermanyandtheOttomanEmpire/Tur-
key.Indeed,themilitaryhadadecreasinginfluenceontheparamilitaryinstruc-
tionoftheyouthinbothcountriesasaresultfromitsalteredstatuswithinthe
society.Itwastobetherulingregimeinthesinglepartystatethatdefinedthe
conditionsof theparamilitaryeducationof theyouth.In this regard,Carl
Diemwasnotfarfromtheideologyofhistime,whenhestatedthatinTurkey
“[t]hephysicaleducationofthepeopleisensuredbyacompact,interlockedsys-
tem.”²⁷⁶ThiswasanideathatwasnotfarfromHitler’svisionofanindoctrinated
youth.²⁷⁷Itthereforehastobepointedoutthatthereisadirectconnectionbe-
BCAF4 90100 K1107D43Sı1, 87.
Hitler’sspeechon2December 1938 aboutthelifetrajectoryofyoungGermanmen:“These
boysjoinourorganizationattheageoftenand[...]thenfouryearslater,theymovefromthe
JungvolktotheHitlerYouthandtherewekeepthemforanotherfouryears.Andthenwe[...]
takethemimmediatelyintotheparty[organizations][...].Andiftheyarethereforeighteen
monthsortwoyearsandhavestillnotbecomerealNationalSocialists,thentheygointothe
Arbeitsdienst[LabourService]andarepolishedthereforsixorsevenmonths.Andif,after
sixorsevenmonths,therearestillremnantsofclassconsciousnessorprideinstatus,then
theWehrmachtwilltakeoverthefurthertreatmentfortwoyearsandwhentheyreturnafter
twoorfouryearsthen[...]wetakethemimmediatelyintotheSA,SSetc.andtheywillnot
befreeagainfortherestoftheirlives.”QuotedafterthetranscriptinHeinrichKanz,DerNatio-
nalsozialismusalspädagogischesProblem:DeutscheErziehungsgeschichte 1933 – 1945 (Frankfurt:
Lang,1984), 24 1.Ontheoutcomeofthispolicyafter 1939 seeStephenHart,“IndoctrinatedNazi
TeenageWarriors:TheFanaticismofthe12thSSPanzerDivisionHitlerjugendinNormandy,
Conclusion 159