tinguishedposition,theheadofthemilitarymissionshouldonlyhavehadadis-
tinguishedseniorpositionvisavistheotherGermanofficersinthemission.The
GermangovernmentshouldhavethreatenedLimanwithrefusinghisreturnto
theGermanarmyincaseofanymisbehavior.Inhisletter,Lossowalsorespond-
edtotheReichsarchivmanuscriptentitledTheTurkishSoldierandOfficerafter
theEndoftheBalkanWar1 913 ,whichhehadreceivedinadditiontotheques-
tionnaireinAugust 1921 .⁷⁹Lossowaddedsomecommentsabouttheoutcome
oftheHamidianauthoritarianrule,however,hislengthyremarksdidnotfind
theirwaytothevolumepublishedbytheReichsarchiv.TheBavarianGeneral
hadonceagaintouchedthesensibletopicthatLimandidnotqualifyforthisim-
portantposition.AccordingtoLossowthemenofthenewmissionignoredthe
previousmissionsunderGoltzandwantedto“apply,intheirattemptatreform,
purelyGermanstandardsandGermanmethodsneglectingTurkishpeculiarities
andpsychologicalnecessities.”⁸⁰AnofficerfromWürttembergalsoexpressed
thesameviewoncehehadreceivedasimilarchapterfortheproposedReich-
sarchivmonographtoreview.ForFritzLauffer,theGermanshadimplemented
theirregulationsataratioof1:1intermsoftransferringGermanmilitaryknowl-
edge.Thoseinstructionswerethus“carriedoutaccordingtotheGermanworldof
thoughtandterminologywithoutconsideringTurkey’sconditions,whichdif-
feredfromtheEuropeanones.”⁸¹
ForLossow,theGermanassistancehadnotbeenthereasonfortheearlyOt-
tomanvictoriesbutrathertheoutcomeofearliermissionsbefore 1912 .Germany
hadnotmadeanysacrificesfortheOttomanside;wartimecontributionswere
nothingmorethannormalaidwithinanalliance.Ofthisconciliatoryview,Los-
sowfollowedthegeneralguidelinesfortheReichsarchivseriesonthewar.
Theanswersonthosequestionnairescontributedtothefirstintroductory
pagesoftheReichsarchivvolumeontheDardanellescampaign.Thesources
werequiteinformativeeventhoughtheywerenotmentioned.Admittedly,there-
spondentskeptsilentaboutthenegativeaspectsofGermanconductofopera-
tionsandabstainedfromself-criticism.⁸²However,Lossow’sremarksregarding
BayHStAHS3158,n.p.
BayHStAHS3158,n.p.
SeeLauffer’scommentsonthefollowingdocument:“DietürkischeArmeevordemWelt-
krieg.EineAusarbeitungdesReichsarchivsüberdietürkischeArmee”(1922),HStASM660/
02 4Nr. 14 ,4.Lauffer’scommentsregardingtheOttmanartillerywereusedbyCarlMühlmann,
DerKampfumdieDardanellen, 1915 (Oldenburg,Berlin:GerhardStalling, 1927 ), 30 – 31.
Pöhlmann,KriegsgeschichteundGeschichtspolitik,1 71.
178 4German-TurkishMilitaryCooperationafter 1918