Germanarmedforcesthatledtothedefeatin 1944 .Theprerequisiteswereentire-
lydifferentandthetechnologyhadevolvedduringthe 29 yearssinceGallipoli.
GeneralBlumentrittimplicitelyrecognizedthattheGermaninterwaranalysisof
priorlandingshadbeenwrong.Hethereforepleadedthat
“[..]weshouldevolve[sic]a‘theory’fromexperience,warhistoryandpractice,usingitasa
basisofinstructionatmilitaryschools[...][and]constantlyendeavortorealizewhatdirec-
tionevolutionwilltake[..]evenwhen[theresultwouldbe]opposedtothe‘textbook.’”¹³¹
AfterthisexcursionintothefieldofoneofthelatestimpactsoftheGerman-Otto-
manalliancewewillnowturntowardsthecontinuedGerman-Ottomanknowl-
edgetransferduringtheinterwarperiod.
CaptainHansTröbstintheGreco-TurkishWar,1 920 – 1922
Afterthedefeatin1918,theGermanmilitarymissionhadtoleavetheOttoman
state.IntheaftermathofthewartheEntente’soccupationforcemonitoredthe
borderstokeepGermansinterestedin servingwiththeNationalistTurkish
armyoutofthecountry.However,atleastoneGermanofficermanagedto
evadethecontrols.HansTröbst(1891– 19 39),aformerengineercaptainofthe
GermanImperialarmy,hadbeendismissedfromactiveserviceduetodemobili-
zation.AfterhiscareerasamercenaryindiverseFreikorpsformationsinPoland
andtheBaltics,heparticipatedintheKapp-LüttwitzPutschinBerlininMarch
1920 .Toevadelegalprosecution,heeventuallydecidedtojointheWrangelarmy
intheCrimea,however,duetoitsdefeatbytheBolshevikforces,Tröbstchanged
hismindandchosetheNationalistTurkisharmyunderMustafaKemal.
HisactivitiesinAnatoliadeservefurtherattention,sinceithasbeenindicat-
edthathepresentedthegenocidalpoliciesoftheYoungTurkeratotheGerman
right-wingcirclesinMunichintheautumnof 1923 .¹³²Furthermore,itwillbe
showninthissectionthatTröbst’sexperienceinthisregardwasbasedonhis
participationintheRussianCivilWar.Tröbst’smemoirscoveringtheperiodbe-
tween 1919 and 1923 arethemainsourceofthisanalysis.¹³³
Blumentritt,EffectofFortificationsonStrategicPlanning,USNARAHDB-652, 194 7, 53.
Ihrig,AtatürkintheNaziImagination,8 2 – 91.
HansTröbst,Soldatenblut:VomBaltikumzuKemalPascha(Leipzig:R.F.Koehler,1 92 5).Fr
hisexperiencesoftheRussianCivilWar,seeHansTröbst,GrenzschutzOst:Freikorps1 919 – 1920 ,
ed.MarioTröbst(Hamburg:self-published, 20 16);Fortheautumnof 1923 seeHansTröbst,Hit-
ler-Putsch:DieEreignisseinMünchenNovember 1923 ,ed.MarioTröbst(Hamburg:self-published,
20 13),unpaginatedKindleedition.
190 4German-TurkishMilitaryCooperationafter 1918