possible.AsexplainedbyaBritishairforceinstructor,theTurkisharmycould
avoidthe problem ofthis formerextensionof theGerman foreignpolicy:
“[T]heTurksrefusedtohaveanyformofmissionintheircountryfortheyhad
beentaughtalessonbytheGermanmilitarymissioninthelastwar,whichdrag-
gedthemintohostilitiesagainstRussia.”¹⁷¹
Furthermore,retiredGermanReichswehrofficerswerenotallowedtowear
uniforminTurkishservice.ThusanyreturntotheformerGermansenseofsupe-
riorityortheformationofa‘missionpack’wasprevented.However,theTurkish
insistenceonprivatecontractshadotherreasons.Between 188 2and 1918 the
GermanofficershadjoinedOttomanserviceonthebasisofacquiringtheright
toreceiveapensionfromtheirservicetimeintheOttomanarmy.Inaddition,
wartimeserviceintheOttomanarmycountedasservicetimeintheGerman
army.¹⁷²ThissystemcreatedapensionburdenfortheformerGermaninstructors
ontheRepublicanbudget.InthecaseofLouisvonKamphoevenerwhohad
joinedOttomanserviceunderSultanAbdülhamidII,therepublichadtopay
thepensionforhiswidowuntil 19 32.¹⁷³ThatiswhynotalloftheGermanofficers
wereeligibleforaTurkishpension.Paymentswereheldbackuntilthepassingof
arespectivelawin1 92 6.¹⁷⁴Asaresultofthispractice,severeproblemsemerged
fortheGermanauthorities.TherewereseveralopenpensioncasesbyGerman
officerswhohadreturnedfromtheOttomanserviceandnowfaceddifficulties
ofmakingalivingwiththeirGermanpensionininflationshakenGermany
after 1923 .CaptainFranzCarlEndreswasinfectedwithmalariawhileintheOtto-
manarmyandwasdeclaredunfitforservicein 1915 .Becauseofhischronicdis-
easehehadnoregularincomeandwassolelydependentonhisscarcepension
forhistimeintheBavarianarmy.TheTurkishstate,however,refusedtopayhim
hispensionforhistimeintheOttomanarmyafterhehadpublishedacritical
articleabout thecontemporaryRepublicofTurkey.¹⁷⁵Endrescomplainedto
ArthurS.GouldLee,SpecialDuties:ReminiscencesofaRoyalAirforceStaffOfficerinthe
Balkans,TurkeyandtheMiddleEast(London:Marstin&Co.,n.y.[1946]), 13 .Forthecontinuation
ofthispolicyafter 194 5cf.MacGarity,ForeignInfluenceontheOttomanTurkishArmy,1 33.
Cf.thesecretorderfrom 19 August 191 4;copyinBA-LR 3901 /1 0111 ,21.
MilliSavunmaBakanlığıArşivi,personalfileKamphoevener,SicilNo. 325 – 21 1.
TheTurkishlawNo. 71 7containedadetailedlistwithnamesofGermanofficersandpro-
videdlegalcertainty.Cf.T.C.ResmiGazeteNo. 27 9, 24 January 1926 ,9 01 – 90 2.
EndreshadopenlyreferredtothewartimegenocideandhadadditionalyarguedthatMus-
tafaKemalhadaspirationsofbecominganewtypeofsultan.Cf.FranzCarlEndres,“Washat
EuropaimTürkisch-GriechischenKrieganAsienverloren?,”EuropäischeGespräche 11 /12( 1926 ),
594 – 603.
200 4German-TurkishMilitaryCooperationafter 1918