sassininitspreliminarystageinordertopreventpossibleincriminatingwitness
accountsofformerGermanofficerswhohadservedintheOttomanarmy.¹⁸¹
ThusGermanyandTurkeyhadnointerestinreturningtooldpracticesof
militarycooperation.AfterthereductionoftheGermanarmedforces,dozens
ofofficers,amongthemalsoseveralveteransfromtheOttomanarmy,sought
fixed-termemploymentinthearmiesofsmallerstates.¹⁸²Officially,theGerman
statedidnotsupportthehiringofGermanofficersforTurkishserviceandabode
bytheprinciplesofparagraph 17 7oftheVersaillesTreaty.¹⁸³Inresponsetothe
criticismleveledbytheAlliedControlCommission,Germanauthoritiesdeclared
thattheyhadnolegalmeasuresofpreventingthosecitizens(retiredofficers),
fromleavingthecountry.OncetheinitialAnglo-Frenchexcitementoverthispol-
icyhadwaned,nomorediplomaticprotestswererecorded,sincethoseGerman
“retireeswhowanttoearnsomeadditionalmoneytotheirpensions”werenot
regardedasdangerous.¹⁸⁴
TheStatusoftheTurkishArmyafter 1923
TheTurkisharmywasdemobilizedaftertheendofthehostilitieswithGreece.Its
numbersdroppedfrom 20 0,0 00 menin 1922 to 80 ,0 00 soldiersin 1924 .¹⁸⁵Con-
scriptionwasretainedsinceevenaftertheLausanneTreaty,thethreatofan
enemyinvasionwasstilleminent.TheItalianforcesbasedontheDodecanese
IslandsintheAegeanSeacouldreachtheAnatolianmainlandwithinashort
HansLukasKieser,“ModernitätundGewaltimAufbaudestürkischenNationalstaates,”
GeschichteinWissenschaftundUnterricht3( 20 06), 166 – 16 7.
StefanBerleb,‘...forChina’sbenefit.’TheEvolutionandDevolutionofGermanInfluenceon
ChineseMilitaryAffairs, 1919 – 1938 (PhDdiss.:QueenslandUniversityBrisbane, 20 05);Stefan
Rinke,“ExperteninderGrauzone:MilitärischerWissenstransferzwischenDeutschlandundSü-
damerika, 1918 – 1933 ,”inExpertKnowledgeinLatinAmericanHistory:Local,Transnational,and
GlobalPerspectives,ed.StefanRinkeandDeliaGonzálezdeReufels(Stuttgart:Heinz, 2014 ),
65 – 86.
DeHass,ReichChancellorytoHanielvonHaimhausen,BavarianStateChanchellory;3 1
January 1926 .BA-LR 43 -II/ 1499 ,14.
KöpketotheForeignMinistry,23November 1928 .AA-PAR7 8561.
İlhanTekeliandSelimİlkin,İkinciDünyaSavaşıTürkiyesi.Vol.1:DışSiyasetiveAskerîStrat-
ejileriyleİkinciDünyaSavaşıTürkiye’siWorldWarTwoTurkey.Vol.1:WorldWarTwoTurkeyin
ForeignPolicyandMilitaryStrategy, 76 .Forageneralover-
viewoftheperiodseealsoLeventKalyon,TürkiyeʼninSavunmaPolitikalarıÜzerine:KırmızıKim?
[OnTurkishDefensePolicy:Who’stheRed?](Ankara:NobelAkademikYayıncılık, 20 10), 61 – 97.
202 4German-TurkishMilitaryCooperationafter 1918