slowlygetusedtotheshoutingoforders.²⁶⁸Therewerealsomoreradicalsugges-
tions.Aforcefullanguageshouldbeusedtoimpressthefarmerboysfromthe
provinces,rightfromthefirstdayoftheirmilitaryservice.ForCavalryGeneral
Kemal,militaryservicewasagoldenopportunitytoindoctrinatetheuneducated
ruralpopulationthatwoulddisseminateitsknowledgeaftertheyleavethemili-
tary.TheGeneralwasalsonotreluctanttoproposefabricatedreligiousslogans
toencourageandmotivateyoungmen:“[Islamic]religionsaysthatasoldier
standingguardforonehourwillberatedhigherbyAllahthanonethousand
yearsofritualprayer.”²⁶⁹Militaryvirtuessuchasloveforthenationandservice,
brevity,camaraderieandtherefusaltodesert(whichwasagainstthesoldier’s
honourandpride;“namusveşeref”),hadtobeinculatedinthemenduringin-
struction.Therepublicansystem,withitsrighttovoteanditsduties,likethepro-
visionofeducationforthechildren,shouldalsobementioned.Keepingthepeo-
pleilliteratewasseenastreasonoftheOttomansultans,since“thehumanbeing
comesclosetohumanitybystudying,bystayinguneducatedclosetotheani-
mal.”²⁷⁰Therepublicanreformswereidentifiedaspositive,whereasGeneral
KemalsuggestedseeingthedynastyoftheOttomansasenemiesofthepeople
duringmilitaryinstructionclasses.Contrarytothisview,thenationalsavior,
MustafaKemalPasha,wastobepraisedforhisdeeds.Theofficershadtotell
theirfellowsoldiersthatintherepubliceverybodycouldbeelectedpresident:
“Ifheworks,mysonandalsoyoursoncanbecometheprimeministerand
eventhepresident!”²⁷¹ColmarvonderGoltzwouldhavecertainlyenjoyedthe
TurkishGeneral’sreferencetotheGermanconceptofthe‘nationinarms’.Dur-
ingthewaragainstGreece,everybody,includingthefemalepartofthepopula-
tionhadparticipatedinthenationalstruggleforindependence.Asaresult,ev-
eryoneshouldbefearlessandreadyfortotalwar:“[Even]iftheenemytroops,
canons,strengthisbiggerthanourswehaveourGod[Allah]andourbelief,
wewillnotbedaunted.”²⁷²Allofthosemessageshadtobethumpedintothe
soldiers.Kemalconcludedhisarticlewithsomesuggestionsforbasictraining.
Asitbecomesevidentfromthisexample,theTurkisharmywasonepillarofna-
SaitZiya,“Talimcilik,Terbiyecilik”[Education,Instruction],SM 7 – 85 (19 33 ), 26 – 30.
ThissentencewasobviouslyinspiredbytheTurkishsaying“Birdoğrusaat,yetmişsene
namazdandeğerli”(“Onehourofprevailingjusticeismorevaluablethanseventyyearsofritual
prayer”);M.Kemal[Balıkesir?],“AskereVerilecekDersler”[LessonsfortheSoldier],SM 7 – 91
(19 33 ), 42.
M.Kemal,“Askereverilecekdersler,” 47.
M.Kemal,“AskereVerilecekDersler,”48.
M.Kemal,“AskereVerilecekDersler,” 51.
PreparingforTotalWar:TheCaseofAsımEren( 1935 – 1939) 221