encesfromthepastalliancewiththeOttomanstatepreventedaninvasionofthe
Turkishmainland.³⁴³
Nonetheless,theWehrmachtwaspreparedforapossibleoperationonTurk-
ishsoilbetterthanitspredecessorforcesin 191 4.Mapsandlanguageguideshad
beenpreparedcarefully.Thesetextbookswerequitetellingintermsofapoten-
tialsimilarGermanoccupationandannihilationpolicyasinCentralandEastern
Europe.³⁴⁴
TheTurkishfearofanoccupationwasjustifiedandtheTurkisharmybegan
totrainthemobilizedtroopsinGuerillatactics.³⁴⁵Thefateofthedividedand
occupiedneighbouringIranwasawarningtotheTurkishpublic.³⁴⁶Germandip-
lomatsdidtheirbesttofosterpro-GermansentimentsintheTurkishmilitary.
DuringthestagnatingcampaigninRussiainearly1 94 2,therewasaGermanat-
tempttorevivethefeelingofthe‘comradeshipinarms’.IntheAnkaraembassy,
Papenandhismilitaryattaché,HansRohde,openedanexhibitionon 28 April
withphotographsofallGermanofficerswhohadservedintheOttomanarmy
sincethedaysofMoltke.Theyhadinvitedthemainrepresentativesofthepro-
GermanTurkishofficer’scorps.TheretiredGeneralPertevDemirhan,theAnkara
garrisoncommander,LieutenantGeneralHüsnüKilkişandGeneralKâzımOrbay
(astherepresentativeoftheTurkishGeneralStaff)revelledinthememorieson
thepastalliance.³⁴⁷TheemnitywiththeSovietUnionwasacommongroundin
theGerman-Turkishrelationsduringthoseyears.Thisbecameevidentwhenthe
TurkishForeignMinistersupportedtheradicalapproachoftheNationalSocialist
SeethestudyontheinadequatesupplyroutesbyCarlMühlmann,“DasProblemderrück-
wärtigenVerbindungenfürdieKriegsführunginVorderasienwährenddesWeltkrieges 1914 –
1918,”WissenundWehr 11 (1941), 444 – 45 5.
Theexplanatorynotestothemapstated:“[...]JewsmainlyliveinIstanbulandintheother
coastalcities.[...]here[inTurkey]aracialmixturehasemerged,whattheTurksdonotliketo
hear.”OberkommandoderWehrmacht,KartenbeiwerkVordererOrient(Berlin:Generalstab
desHeeres, 194 1), 72 .Inasimilarveinthedictionaryonlycontainedtheentryfor“Jew”,and
notermsforotherreligiousgroups.ObviouslytheGermanarmyexpectedtheTurkishforce’sco-
operation;cf.thesentence“WhentheMajorwillcomehome?”;OberkommandoderWehrmacht,
SoldatenwörterbuchDeutsch-TürkischfürdenFeldgebrauch(Berlin:GeneralstabdesHeeres,
194 1), 25 ,8.
Zekiİlter,BirÖmürBoyuAskerlik 1919 – 1972 ASoldierforLife, 1919 – 1972 , 30.
NikolayA.Kozhanov,“ThePretextsandReasonsfortheAlliedInvasionofIranin 194 1,”
IranianStudies 45 – 4( 20 12), 479 – 49 7.
SeetheundatedphotographoftheopeningceremonyinBA-MAMSg2/1 406 3.Mostofthe
photographsoftheGermanofficerscannowbefoundinthe‘F’collectionofthemilitarymu-
seumoftheTurkisharmedforcesinIstanbul(AskeriMüze).Onthisgroupofpro-Germanmind-
edTurksseealsoGuttstadt,Turkey,theJews,andtheHolocaust,2 9 – 37.
Epiloge:LessonsLearned, 1939 – 1944/19 45 237