shiprefrainedfrominvadingTurkey,mostlikelyduetowell-rememberedgeo-
graphicalchallengesinAnatolia.Ultimately,theGermandefeatinthedefense
oftheNormandybeachesin 1944 revealedtheGermanmisinterpretationof
theGallipolicampaign.ItwasadelayedeffectoftheGerman-Ottomanalliance
duringWorldWarOne.
Germanmilitaryassistancealsoledtotheintroductionofthe‘armywithin
anarmy’conceptinTurkey;along-termconsequenceofthemilitarycooperation
betweenbothcountries.ThistendencybecameevidentespeciallyaftertheSec-
ondWorldWar.TheGermanunderstandingofthearmyasa‘statewithinthe
state’ (OttovonLossow)contributedtotheemergenceofan officercorps,
whichsawitselfas‘suigeneris’andbelieveditderivedtherighttoguardover
thecountry’spoliticalstability.⁴ThePrussianidealbefore 191 4wastheunpolit-
icalsoldier;anuntenableidealinthecontextoftheoutstandingstatusofthe
armedforcesintheWilhelminestate.Thisself-imagecrumbledduetothegrow-
ingpoliticalinfluenceofthemilitaryeliteinthecourseoftheFirstWorldWar
andits aftermath. However,the Turkish leadership extendedthePrussian
modelandassignedthearmedforcesadistinguishedrolewithintheframework
oftherepublicanmodernizationproject.Giventhisbackground,therepeated
temporaryseizureofpowerbytheTurkishmilitarysince 1960 istheresultofin-
teriorpoliticaldevelopmentsinTurkeyratherthanadirectemulationofthe
Prusso-Germanmilitarytradition.⁵Thatbeingsaid,wecannolongerspeakof
aprevalentʻGermanSpiritʼintheTurkisharmedforces.
Inconclusion,itshouldbementionedthattheknowledgetransferredduring
theGerman-Ottoman/Turkishmilitarycooperationwasnotalwayslimitedtobel-
licosesubjects.ElsavonKamphoevener,thedaughteroftheGermaninstructor
LouisvonKamphoevener(inOttomanservicebetween 1882 and1909),built
upafirst-handcollectionofAnatolianfolktalesduringherfather’sservice.
Afterthefamily’sreturntoGermany,shepublishedthesetales,sofaronlytrans-
mittedbywordofmouth,inaversionadaptedforGermanreadership.During
Forthe“imperioinimperio”conceptseealsoHanioğlu,Atatürk:AnIntellectualBiography,46.
Cf.inthisregardRinke,“EinePickelhaubemachtnochkeinenPreußen,” 282 – 28 3,Sencer,
OrderandInsecurityinGermanyandTurkey,1 44 – 14 6.Forthedifferencesintheemergenceof
thePrussianandtheTurkishofficercorpsseeÖmerLaçiner,“TürkMilitarizmiI”[TurkishMil-
itarismI],inBirZümre,BirParti:Türkiye’deOrdu,ed.Ahmetİnsel(Istanbul:BirikimYayınları,
20 09), 16 – 23 .ForthehistoricaldevelopmentinTurkeyseeDietrichJung,“DasPrimatderMil-
itärs.Einehistorisch-soziologischeAnalysederpolitischenRolledertürkischenArmee,”Zeits-
chriftfürTürkeistudien 14 – 1/2( 20 01), 77 – 90 .Fortheattemptedmilitaryputschon 15 July 2016
seeKadriGürsel,“Turkey’sFailedCoupReveals‘ArmyWithinAnArmy’,”http://www.al-moni-
tor.com/pulse/originals/2 016 /07/turkey-coup-attempt-shows-army-within-army.html {Last
Acessedon24November 2017 }
5Conclusion 243