exchangebetweenbothcountriesafter 1923 .Inhisthesis,Naumannshowedthe
continuityintheGermanmilitaryassistanceininstructionandinthehardware
exportinthenationalTurkishmilitarymodernizationprocess.AccordingtoNau-
mann,thishelpimpliedtheGermanintentiontokeeptheirformerallyinde-
pendencyregardingthechoiceofalliances.Themilitaryperiodicalsofboth
countrieswereonlyanalyzedwithregardtocorrelatingopinionsinthearmies
ofbothcountriessofar.HenceEmreSencerdoesnothaveacloserlookatthe
GermanrolemodelintheTurkisharmyandtheslowTurkishalienationprocess
inthe 19 30s.⁸⁶
Inthefirstcross-epochalstudyofGerman-Ottoman/Turkishrelations,Guil-
lemarre-Acetunderlinedthecontinuitiesintherelationsofbothcountries.⁸⁷The
Turkishsideturnedtowardsamoreselectiveappropriationofmilitaryknowl-
edgeintheRepublicanera,atatimewhenGermanyhadlostitspositionofdom-
inance.ThemilitarytransferprocessbetweenGermanyandTurkeyisoneofthe
topicsofMangold-Willʼshabilitationwork.⁸⁸InheranalysisoftheGermanveter-
an’sassociationofsoldierswhohadfoughtinOttomanservice,thelegitimizing
factoroftheTurkishrevisionoftheSèvrestreatyfortheownstruggleagainst
Versaillesbecameevident.Thechapterontherenewalofmilitaryrelationsin
thedecadeafter 1923 ,whichlacksTurkisharchivalsources,dealswiththecon-
tinuedemploymentofGermaninstructorsintheTurkisharmy.Whilemostof
thoseinstructorswereGerman,theTurkishmilitarycommandusedtheopportu-
nitytostudyotherEuropeanarmiesbysendingitscommissionsandofficerson
short-terminternshipsabroad.
Insum,acomprehensiveaccountofOttoman/Turkish-Germanmilitaryco-
operation,focusedonknowledgetransferandbasedonsourcesfrombothcoun-
tries,remainsascholarlydesideratum.Thisstudyaimstofillthisgapbyinte-
gratingsourcesthatreflectthecontributionsandviewsofbothsidesinvolved.
EmreSencer,OrderandInsecurityinGermanyandTurkey:MilitaryCulturesofthe1930s(New
York,Abindgon:Routledge,2 01 7).
DorothéeGuillemarre-Acet,ImpérialismeetNationalisme:L’Allemagne,l’EmpireOttomanet
laTurquie, 1908 – 1933 (Würzburg:Ergon, 20 09).
SabineMangold-Will,BegrenzteFreundschaft:DeutschlandunddieTürkei, 1918 – 1933 (Göt-
tingen:Wallstein, 20 13), 269 – 28 7; 365 – 391.
StateofResearch 19