Drawingontheaforementionedletters,diariesandmilitaryreports,thetransna-
tional⁹⁵militarynetworksthatenteredamutualexchangewillbeconsideredin
theanalysisofthemutualknowledgetransfer.Inadditiontothesearchivalsour-
ces,thepublicationsincontemporarymilitarymagazinesreportingonactivities
anddevelopmentsinotherarmiesareofequalimportance.
Inthiscontext,thequestionpertainingtothesocialconsequencesofthis
militaryknowledgetransferformsthethematiccoreofChapter3.Militarism
wasnotseenassomethingnegativeintheGermanarmyatthattime,despite
itsciviliancritics.ForcontemporaryGermanofficers,thetermhadapositive
connotationthatwasalsoacceptedbyOttomanofficersduringtheirinternships
inGermany.⁹⁶TheBavariancolonelLudwigSchraudenbachretrospectivelyhigh-
lightedthebenefitsmodernizingthegarrisoninLebaneseBaalbekfortheOtto-
manrecruits:“German‘militarism’trulyhasaccomplishedculturalwork[Kulturar-
beit]there[...].”⁹⁷
This‘culturalwork’alsoextendedtotheciviliansphere,wherethecooper-
ationofthearmiesofbothcountrieswasespeciallyvisibleinthefieldofpara-
militaryyouthorganizations.⁹⁸Thiscooperationwentfarbeyondapuremodern-
izationoftheOttomanarmedforces.DuringtheFirstWorldWar,theOttoman
counterpart of the German umbrella organization Bund Jung-Deutschland
(BJD)establishedbyColmarvonderGoltzin1911,wasfoundedwiththeassis-
tanceofGermanofficerHeinrichvonHoff.Thesemilitarytrainedyoungmen
wereeasilydisposableandeasytomobilizeforthefront.Hoffhadpreviously
establishedthelocalBJDgroupinStuttgart.DuringhistimeinOttomanservice
in 1916 /17Hoffthenappliedhisexperiencesinthemilitarypreparationofthe
maleyouth.BoththeBJDandtheOsmanlıGençDernekleri(OGD,Ottoman
YouthAssociation)servedthepurposeofintegrationalmilitarism.Thisformof
mobilizationofferedcertainincentivestofitthoseyoungmen,deprivedofcon-
straint,intotheuniform.⁹⁹Throughtheindoctrinationofmaleyouth,innercon-
IfollowthetermusedinSebastianConradandJürgenOsterhammel,DasKaiserreichtrans-
national:DeutschlandinderWelt, 1871 – 1914 (Göttingen:Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht,2004), 14.
ǦaʿfarAl-ʿAskarī,ASoldier’sStory:FromOttomanRuletoIndependentIraq:TheMemoirsof
JafarPashaAl-Askar,1 885 1936,ed.WiliamFacey(London:Arabian, 20 03),32.
LudwigSchraudenbach,Muharebe:DererlebteRomaneinesdeutschenFührersimosmani-
schenHeere1916/1 7 (Munich:DreiMasken, 1925 ), 33 2.
GerhardGrüßhaber,“Jung-DeutschlandunddieJungtürken:DasWirkendesColmarFrei-
herrvonderGoltz(184 3 – 1916)zwischenSpreeundBosporus, 1883 – 1935 ”(M.A.thesis,Eber-
hardKarlsUniversitätTübingen, 20 12).
BernhardKroener,“Integrationsmilitarismus,”inKriegerischeGewaltundmilitärischePrä-
senzinderNeuzeit:AusgewählteSchriften,ed.RalfPröveetal.(Paderborn:Schöningh,2008),
83 – 10 7.
StudyOutline 23